Lecture 6a

• Microspordia


  unicellular fungi that are obligate intracellular parasites; some are human

  pathogens (Enterocystozoan

  bieneusi)
• All fungi are eukaryotic

  True
• Most fungi are filamentous, some are unicellular


  True
• The protoplasm of a fungi's hypha or cell is surrounded by a rigid walls (chitin and glucans or cellulose); 80-90% polysaccharide


  True
• Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually


  True
• All fungi are chemoheterotrophic (all are achlorophyllous, mainly saprophytic via absorption of energy from dead organic matter)


  True
• Hypha


  tubular filament exhibiting apical growth
• Mycelium


  mass of hyphae
• Thallus


  body/soma of fungi
• Septate hyphae


  hyphae that have walls (septa) between the cells
• Coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae


  hyphae that lack walls and cell membranes between the cells
• Vegetative hyphae


  penetrate the media and absorb food
• Aerial hyphae


  are directed above the surface of media
• Reproductive hyphae


  aerial hyphae that carry different spores
• Haustoria


  outgrowth of somatic hypha in parasitic fungi
• Rhizoids


  root-like structures
• Stolon


  hypha that connects two rhizoids
• Ring


  formed by nematode-trapping fungi; hyphae adapted for trapping prey
• Saprophytes

  Organisms feeding on decaying matter; hyphal tips release enzymes for breakdown on substrate and absorbed back into hyphae
• C source


  preferably glucose or maltose
• N source


  organic and inorganic
• Temp requirement


  most grow at 0-35C, opt at 38-39C
• pH requirement


  opt at pH 6
• Many fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants

  True
• Lichens


  association between fungi (mycobiont) and alga/cyanobacteria (photobiont); used as biomonitors of atmospheric quality
• Soredia


  common reproductive structures of lichens
• Crustose


  form of lichen on a wall
• Follose


  form of lichen in leaves and trees
• Lichenometry


  determine the age of exposed rock surfaces based on the size of lichen thalli
• Biodegradation


  degrade polyester resins and accumulate lead and

  copper
• Usnic acid


  suppression of tuberculosis, bioactive compound mainly found as a secondary metabolite in lichens.
• Mycorrhizae


  Association between plant roots and fungi
• Asexual cycle is usually repeated several times during the season, whereas sexual stage of many fungi is produced only

  once a year

  True
• Fragmentation


  hyphae break up into their component cells that behave as spores

  (arthrospores)
• Fission


  simple splitting of a cell into 2 daughter cells by constriction and

  formation of a CW
• Budding


  production of a small outgrowth from a parent cell
• Asexual spore formation


  most common; vary in color size, shape, number, arrangement of cells and manner by which spores are borne
• Sporangiospores


  borne with a sporangium
• Zoospores


  motile sporangiospores, with flagella
• Aplanospores


  non-motile sporangiospores