Module 6

• Two types of Kinship:

  • Consanguineal (Kinship by Blood)
  • Affinal (Kinship by Marriage)
• (Kinship by Blood) Unilineal – descent through either the maternal or paternal line only
• (Kinship by Blood) Matrilineal – descent through the female line
• (Kinship by Blood) Patrilineal – descent through the male line
• Three types of Political Organization

  • Band
  • Tribe
  • Chiefdom
• (Type of Political Organization) Bands 


  These are most often found in foraging societies, and associated with low population densities, distribution systems based on reciprocity, and egalitarian social relations.
• (Type of Political Organization) Tribes


  These are found among horticulturists and pastoralists societies, has larger and more sedentary populations, lack centralized political leadership, and egalitarian in nature.
• (Type of Political Organization) Chiefdoms


  These involve a more formal and permanent political structure, political authority rests with individuals, and rely on feasting and tribute.
• Descent refers to a biological relationship. Societies recognize that children descend from parents and that there exists a biological relationship between parents and their offspring.
• Lineage refers to the line where one’s descent is traced. An individual’s descent can be traced by studying either the person’s paternal or maternal line.
• Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is considered the most basic and general form of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity.
• Affinal kinship or kinship based on marriage refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs.
• • Endogamy refers to compulsory marriage (within same culture).
  • Exogamy refers to out-marriage (outside own culture)
• • Monogamy refers to marriage or sexual partnering where an individual has only one partner.
  • Polygamy refers to having more than one partner.
• Types of Polygamy

  • Polygyny — more than one female partner
  • Polyandry — more than one male partner
• • Patrilocal — couple stays in the house of the husband's relatives
  • Matrilocal — couple stays in the house of the wife's relatives
• • Arranged marriage – marriage partners are arranged by the parents of the groom and bride
  • Referred marriage – matchmakers refer people to another man or woman who is also interested to find a partner
• Neolocal Residence


  The married couple leaves their family of origin and forms a new household which develops as a nuclear family.
• Patrilocal Residence


  The man and his family move into his father's household
• Matrilocal Residence


  A woman and her family move into her mother's household.
• Avunculocal Residence


  Sa bahay ng tito sa side ng nanay (brother ng nanay mo)
• Ambilocal Residence


  A married couple joins either the husband's or the wife's household of origin.
• Natalocal Residence


  Each partner remains with their own families of residence after marriage.
• Nuclear family is a type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by social ties.
• Extended family is a type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of parents and their offspring.
• Types of Chiefdom

  • Simple chiefdom – characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single family
  • Complex chiefdom – composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center
• (Types of Political Organization) Nation

  Groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity