Biology

• How are specialised cells adapted to their function


  Sperm : Acrosome - helps the sperm penetrate the eggs coats. Haploid nucleus - Genetic information for fertilisation. Mitochondria - Gives energy for movement . Tail - propels sperm to egg
• How are specialised cells adapted to their functions


  Egg: Nutrients in the cytoplasm - Support embryonic metabolism upon fertilisation. Cell membrane - Changes after fertilisation so that no other sperm can enter
• Mitosis

  1. Interphase : DNA in the chromosomes copy itself. 2. Prophase : Copies condense and become more visible, membrane around the nucleus disappears. 3. Metaphase : Chromosomes and copies line up in the middle of the cell. 4. Anaphase : Chromosomes and copies pull to each end of the cell 5. Telophase : New membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. 6. Cytokinesis : Cell membrane pinches and forms into two daughter cells
• How are the subcellular structures of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell related to their function


  Plant cell: Nucleus - Carries genetic info. Cell membrane - Protection for the cell. Mitochondria - Aerobic respiration producing energy needed for the cell to function. Ribosomes - Protein synthesis. Chloroplasts - Contains chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Vacuole - Stores water.
• How the subcellular structures of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are related to their functions


  Bacteria cells : Chromosomal DNA - found loose in cytoplasm. Plasmid DNA - Move from one bacterium to another. Flagella - Can move in whip like motion to move the bacterium
• How has changes in microscope technology enabled us to see cell structures with more details

  Electron microscopes : produce higher resolution due to electrons having a shorter wavelength than visible light
• Osmosis


  Movement of water particles from high concentration to a low concentration through a partially permeable membrane. Water will move in and out of cells through osmosis.
• Diffusion


  High concentration to a low concentration. Particles move in both directions and will evenly spread throughout the liquid or gas but will continue to move.
• Quantitative units in relations to cell


  Milli: (10-3) 0.001. Micro: (10-6) 0.000001. Nano: (10-9) 0.000000001. Pico: (10-12) 0.0000000000001