Biology part 2

• Transpiration in plants

  1. Water absorption by roots

  2. Water travel through xylem

  3. Water exit through stomata
• Stomata


  Structures used in water regulation in plants
• Stomata pores allow water to leave the plant via the leaf, and they also facilitate the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Other substances that move through stomata include ions and small molecules
• Parts of the digestive system

  • Mouth
  • oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • epiglottis
• Parts of the nephron

  • Glomerulus
  • Bowman's capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
• Food digestion


  1. Mouth (chewed and mixed with saliva)

  2. Esophagus

  3. Stomach

  4. Small intestine (most digestion and absorption)

  5. Large intestine (water absorption before elimination)
• Human body systems


  • Nervous system
  • Circulatory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Skeletal system
• Plant systems


  • Root system
  • Shoot system
• Insulin


  Produced to lower blood glucose levels
• Glucagon


  Produced to convert glycogen back into glucose
• Positive feedback loop


  Amplifies or increases the change in a system
• Negative feedback loop


  Reduces the change in a system
• Receptor types


  • Chemoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
• Factors affecting transpiration rate

  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Wind speed
  • Light intensity
• Mechanical digestion

  Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
• Chemical digestion


  Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes
• Stomata pores open/close in response to changes in environmental conditions such as light intensity, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels
• Translocation in plants

  Sugars move through the phloem via a process powered by a pressure gradient created by the active transport of sugars into the phloem
• Root hair cells


  Increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption from the soil
• Reduce internal body temperature


  Sweating and panting
• Increase body temperature


  Shivering
• Types of digestive systems


  • Foregut fermenters
  • Hindgut fermenters
• Animal's teeth shape


  Indicates its diet (sharp, pointed for carnivores; flat, broad for herbivores)
• Rabbit digestive system


  Longer than that of a fox because rabbits are herbivores and need a longer digestive tract to digest plant material efficiently
• Arrector pili muscles


  Help keep the body warm by contracting and causing hairs to stand on end, trapping a layer of air close to the skin for insulation
• Heat moves from areas of higher temperature to areas of lower temperature
• Ways heat can be transferred


  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
  • Evaporation
• Plant organs


  • Roots
  • Stems
  • Leaves
• Plant tissue types


  • Dermal (protects)
  • Vascular (transports water and nutrients)
  • Ground (provides structural support and stores nutrients)
• Excess glucose in the body is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. If glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue
• when blood glucose rises, the pancreas releases insulin so the body cells take up glucose, decreasing blood sugar levels.
• a negative feedback loop is when the change in the variable is the same as the change in the stimulus and the response reduces the magnitude of the original stimulus.
• when blood glucose levels drop the pancreas increase glucagon in blood which acts on the liver to break down stored glycogen to glucose.
• Excessive urination: In a diabetic, fluid entering the collecting tubule contains glucose. This results in a low water concentration in the tubules, therefore less water is reabsorbed, and the volume of fluid leaving the kidneys for the bladder is increased.
• As Humidity increases, the difference in water content inside the leaf in comparison to the atmosphere decreases. The concentration difference causes evaporation rate to reduce and thus transpiration is reduced.
• Type 1 diabetes affects the beta islet cells of the pancreas causing no insulin to be produced. Insulin is a hormone that stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen to lower BGL’s. after ingesting a meal, it starts at a higher blood glucose level and has a higher spike in BGL’s when compared to

  take a longer time the lower their BGL’s.
• the pancreas is responsible for secreting the hormone needed to maintain glucose levels.
• blood glucose levels are reduced in a non diabetic by detecting a rise in BGL’s via the islet cells in the pancreas, this will cause the beta cells to secrete insulin. The insulin will then trigger the liver cells to increase conversion of glucose into glycogen or The skeletal muscle will increase the uptake of glucose
• blood glucose levels are reduced in a type 1 diabetic, will detect a rise in BGL’s via the islet cells in the pancreas, this will cause a spike in BGL’s that can be detected via a machine, insulin is then injected into the body. The insulin will then trigger the liver cells to increase conversion of glucose into glycogen or The skeletal muscle will increase the uptake of glucose.