1st Day : Examination

• Estimation


  The process of determining parameter values
• Parameter


  The numbers that describe the characteristics of scores in the population
• Point Estimate


  Specific numerical value of population parameter
• Confidence Level


  The probability that the interval estimate contains the parameter
• Confidence Coefficients


  The corresponding coefficient of Confidence Level. Used to find margin of error
• Confidence Interval


  Also called as interval estimate. Range of values that is used to estimate a parameter
• Margin of Error


  Defined as the maximum likely difference
• Commonly used Confidence Levels

  • 90%
  • 95%
  • 99%
• Hypothesis Testing


  A decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population parameter based on observations
• Null Hypothesis


  Denoted by H0, a statement of no difference between two parameters
• Alternative Hypothesis


  Denoted by H1, a statement that there is a difference between two parameters
• Keywords in Determining Hypothesis

  • Right-tailed Direction: Greater, improve, and increase
  • Left-tailed Direction: Less than, smaller, and decrease
  • Non-directional (two-tailed): The probability is found on both tails of the distribution
  • Directional (One tailed, left tail): The probability is found at the left tail of the distribution
  • Directional (One tailed, right tail): The probability distribution is found at the right tail of the distribution
• Claim


  Synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or stand
• Explicit Claim


  Directly and clearly stated in the text
• Implicit Claim


  Indirectly expressed in the text and you need to look for clues or make inferences
• Types of Claims


  • Claim of Fact
  • Claim of Policy
  • Claim of Value
• Claim of Fact


  Something is true or untrue must always have the potential for controversy, conflict, and change. Describes, predicts, and shows the cause and effect. Something existed, exists, or will exist. Argumentative thesis that makes quantifiable assertion. An argument (claim) about a measurable topic (fact)
• Proposition of Fact


  Proposes whether something is or is not, true or false. Frequently certifiable, and often takes a more objective approach. Draws on logical inferences
• Claim of Policy


  Urges that an action be taken or discontinued. Shows that a problem exists and it's good to solve it in a certain way
• Proposition of Policy


  Advocates for a specific course of action
• Claim of Value


  Gives judgment about morality, beauty, merit or wisdom. Compare and contrast a problem. Based on preference. Argumentative thesis that makes qualifiable assertion. An argument (claim) about moral, aesthetic, philosophical topics (value)
• Proposition of Value


  Takes a more evaluative position. Good/bad, right/wrong, just/unjust, ethical/unethical. Argumentative thesis that makes an assertion about a course of action the reader should take. An argument (claim) about an actionable topic (policy)
• Characteristics of a Good Claim

  • Argumentative and debatable
  • Specific and focused
  • Interesting and engaging
  • Logical
• Hypertext


  A non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using "links". Such links help the readers navigate further information about the topic being discussed and may also lead to other links that can direct the readers to various options. Allows the readers to create their meaning out of the material given to them and learn better associatively. Text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references to other text that the reader can immediately access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress set, or by touching the screen. Hypertext makes possible a dynamic organization of information through links and connections (called hyperlinks)
• World Wide Web (www)


  A global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)


  Colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network. http: Webpages, ftp: File Transfer, mailto: Email, JDBC: Database Access
• Intertextuality


  One method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text. It happens when some properties of an original text are incorporated in the text that is created by another author
• Literature Review


  One of the components of the research process. A type of academic essay that examines what has already been written about a topic. It summarizes and synthesizes the conducted research driven by guiding principles. It provides background for your problem and a rationale for your research
• Components and Purposes of Literature Reviews

  • Introduction: Defines the topic and the scope being considered, Notes intentional exclusions, States the general finding of the review and the availability of the sources
  • Main Body: Organizes the evaluation of the sources whether chronologically or thematically, Showcases the critical summary and evaluation of the research premise, methodology, and conclusion, Uses grammatical connectors, relational words or phrases, and transitional devices
  • Conclusion: Summarizes the key finding of the review, Offers the reviewer's justification of the conducted research
  • References: Reflects the in-text citations, Contains complete and correct citations
• Literature Review Strategies

  • Summary: State briefly the argument and main points of relevant research
  • Analysis: Examine closely the elements or structure of the research
  • Synthesis: Combine ideas to form an integrated theory or system through critical evaluation
  • Evaluation: Assess the research based on the criteria or rubrics that you choose, state, and explain. Support with another similar research
• Research Report


  It is a long formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer's views and findings on a chosen subject. It is a scholarly work
• Components of a Research Report

  • Title: It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report. Similarly, it should be as short as possible, including the essential key words
  • Abstract: It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length containing 200-300 words. Executive and technical summary that gathers the key elements of the remaining sections into few sentences
  • Introduction: Provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review of any literature that is relevant. Provides a rationale of why the research is important and will present a hypothesis that attempts to answer the key question. Contain the summary of the key questions
  • Methodology: Most important section because it allows readers to evaluate the quality of the research and it provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings. Arranged in chronological order with the most important information on top of each section
  • Results: The interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved for the discussion section
  • Discussion: Section where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against existing body or literature
  • References: A list of each author and paper cited in the research report
• Book Review


  Also called as article critique. Specialized form of academic writing in which a reviewer evaluates the contribution to knowledge of scholarly works such as academic and journal articles. Usually ranges from 250-750 words. Critical assessment, analysis, or evaluation of a work. Offers critical response to a published scholarly work
• Structure of a Book Review


  • Introduction: Title, Writer's Name, Writer's Thesis Statement
  • Summary: Writer's Objectives, Methods use, Major findings or claims
  • Review/Critique: Appropriateness of the methodology, Theoretical Soundness, Soundness of explanation in relation to other reliable information and experts, Sufficiency of explanation, Other perspectives explaining the concepts and ideas, Coherence of ideas
  • Conclusion: Overall impression of the work, Scholarly value of the reviewed article/book, Benefits to the intended audience, Suggestions for future directions
• Project Proposal

  A document that is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling. Proposals in the professional world are used for internal (within an organization) and external (from one organization to another) purposes. They are ways of generating income for companies or seeking funding for projects. This is provided to the sponsor of the project for approval
• Parts of Project Proposal

  • Introduction: Rationale, Objectives, Benefits
  • Project Description: Methodology, Schedule, Budget
• Team Sports


  Are played between opposing sides, with players typically interacting with one another directly and simultaneously to accomplish a goal. The goal frequently entails teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or other similar object according to a set of rules
• Volleyball


  Is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score by grounding a ball to the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964
• Beach Volleyball


  Was introduced to the programme at Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics
• Court Dimensions

  • A volleyball court is 9 meters x 18 meters, divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of one meter. The top of the net is 2.43 meters above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 meters for the women's competition. After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction