22 ES cells

Cards (20)

    1. primary characteristic of embryonic stem cells?
    2. can differentiate into any cells type in the body
    3. terminally differentiated cells are often found in the following stage of the cell cycle
    4. G0
    5. slide 19 ( During differentiation the cell usually exits the cell cycle and can remain in a G0 phase)
    6. unique property of embryonic stem cells?
    7. she skipped ..
    8. embryonic stem cells are typically derived from which stage of embryonic development ?
    9. blastocyst
    10. pluripotent stem cells can give rise to
    11. all types of tissue except extra embryonic tissue
    1. pluripotent stem cells can give rise to
    2. all types of tissue except extra embryonic tissue
    3. what is the name of the process by which embryonic stem cells specialized into specific cell types ?
    4. differentiation
    5. an example of a totipotent cell is..
    6. a fertilized cell (can find at the end of this doc)
    7. a differentiated cell is characterized by
    8. having a specialized function
    9. ESC can be found in ..
    10. inner cell mass of blastocyst
  • STEM CELLS
    • differentiate —>can become a specialized cell (differentiated cell types_)
    • proliferate —> become another stem cells (replace themselves) undifferentiated
  • MEDICINE
    • Limitations
    • non individualized - treat ppl the same way
    • body damage from injury/illness - permanent and untreatable … lead to stroke or heart attack
    • supply does not equal demand bc more demand… than can supply
    • organ donors limited
    • tissue rejection
  • diseases injuries divided into 3 PROBLEMS (what can go wrong in cells?)
    1. too much cell division
    2. ex. tumors
    3. too little cell division
    4. ex. spinal cord injury, weakened heart muscles
    5. abnormal cell function
    6. ex. hemophilia, inability of liver cells to make right amount of clothing factors
  • TREATMENT OPTIONS
    • traditional: surgery
    • new: tissue renewal / stem cell therapy
  • how can stem cells be applied or used in medicine? what are the benefits?
    • change treatment options
    • more individualized treatments — potential
    • disease research —opportunity
  • CELL DIFFERENTIATION
    • CELL BECOMES SPECIALIZED CELL
    • cell usually exits the cell cycle, remains in a G0 phase
    • bodies = made up of trillions of cells
    • specialized functions
    • undergone differentiation
    • **DAUGHTER CELLS DIFFERENTIATE ( D FOR DAUGHTER AND DIFFERENTIATE)
  • CELL PROLIFERATION
    • cell divides into two cells…goes through cell cycle
    • cell division/ replication (replicate via cell division)
    • divides into 2 daughter cells
    • **STEM CELLS REPLICATE
    • considered undifferentiated
    • no specialized characteristics
  • CELL CYCLE
    • mitotic phase
    • (determine m, g1, g2, s, resting, interphase) *
    • PROLIFERATION: divides into 2 cells
    • DIFFERENTIATION: cell usually exits cell cycle and remain in G0 phase .. STOP PROLIFERATING.
  • STEM CELL CHARACTERISTICS
    • stem cells
    • cells that act as reservoirs for new replaces needed to replace damaged or dying cells
    • can differentiate and proliferate
    • can multiply when called upon
  • TYPES OF STEM CELLS (7)
    1. Embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
    • pluripotent (can dif into any cell in body)
    • come from early embryo (blastocyst)
    1. Adult stem cells
    • multipotent (multiple types of cells) or unipotent
    • cells in bone marrow —> blood cells …present
    • ex. ASC, MSC, HSC
    1. Fetal stem cells
    2. multipotent
    3. Umbilical cord stem cells
    4. multi or pluri potent
    5. Nuclear transplant stem cells
    6. pluripotent
    7. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
    8. pluripotent or multipotent
    9. Parthenogenetic stem cells
    10. pluripotent
  • POTENCY OF STEM CELLS
    • Pluripotent - can become/differentiate into any cell in the body .. liver, heart, lung EXCEPT EXTRA-EMBRYONIC CELL/PLACENTA … very valuable . come from an egg… THINK PLURAL
    • Multipotent - isolate stem cell from fetus .. multiple types of cell not just any cell
    • Unipotent (progenitor) - develop into tissues
    • Totipotent - any cell and embryonic tissue ex. fertilized egg
  • Embryogenesis steps
    • embryonic stem cells aka ES cells come from early stage embryos
    1. ovulated oocyte
    2. fertilization
    3. zygote forms
    4. cleavage
    5. morula —> blastula
    6. Morula to blastocyst stage
    7. morula —> blastula
    6. blastocyst formation followed by implantation
  • day 14 : blastocyst develops into a multilayered gastrula. the embryo enters the uterine epithelium. 
    • all tissue in the body comes from inner cell mass (ICM) of the 5-7 day old blastocyst
    • ICM eventually develops into the gastrula (day 14-16)
    • gastrula has 3 germ layers: endoderm, mesoderma, ectoderm
    • endoderm
    • forms soft tissues like pancreas and liver
    • mesoderm becomes muscle (including the heart), blood, bone
    • ectoderm
    • forms skin and nerve cells
    • cells in the ICM are pluripotent.
    • after the blastocyst stage, and once embryo reaches the gastrula stage, the cells are no longer pluripotent but instead are multipotent (cells of specific tissues).
  • Isolation of ES cells
    1. egg state
    2. blastocyst stage
    3. ES cells are isolated from the ICM cells in blastocysts
    4. implantation
    5. gastrula stage
  • culturing ES cells
    1. cleavage stage embryo
    2. cultured blastocyst
    3. isolated inner cell mass
    4. irradiated mouse fibroblast feeder cells
    5. cell dissociated and repeated
    6. new feed cells
    7. established embryonic stem cell cultures (in a dish)
  • ES cells have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.