Education (gender class ethno)

• Feminist - Mcrobbie 


  Analysed girls magazines in 1960s compared to now
• mcrobbie - magazine study

  • Importance was Marriage-now its independence, ambition and assertiveness
  • Meaning girls are motivated to do well with different role models
• The new right


  • Blames single parents for boys underachievement
  • Lack of male role models and a culture dependency on welfare benefits
• benifits are Reasons why white working class boys underachieve
• Boys look up to sports stars


  Who have achieved without working hard/school-so they adopt a lazy attitude to school
• Teachers may be less strict with boys, tolerating a lower standard of work
• Boys are more likely to disrupt classes, be expelled
• Culture of masculinity


  • Encourages boys to want to appear tough
  • Hard workers in school do not fit into this
  • Likely to form anti school subcultures
• Support by gored (2005) coursework increased gender gap
• Girls used to aspire to be housewives


  Now aspire to be successful and independent
• Neo marxist-willis


  • Studied working class undisciplined school pupils on a housing estate
  • Found that the "lads" had an anti school culture-school was irrelevant
  • Placed no value on academic studies
  • Looked forward to working manual work workforce
  • Reproduced by capitalism
• Differential socialisation


  • Girls are found to be more passive
  • Toys are related to different subjects
  • Boys should be making things with their hands and solving problems
  • Girls should be nurturing
• Kelly (1962)


  • Agrees with francis
  • The difference in toys given to boys and girls
  • Therefore girls do not developing the kind of scientific aspirations and attitudes that males
• Sewell

  • Boys fail in education because its too feminised
  • Schools no longer nurture masculine traits
  • Coursework is bad for boys
• Mac an ghail


  • There has been a crisis of masculinity because of the decline in traditional jobs
  • This has led to an identity crisis and made it easier for some males to question the need for qualifications when the jobs they would traditionally have no longer exist
  • Middle class boys work hard but try to hide it as not seen as cool
• National curriculum subjects


  • More focused towards girls than boys
• Sex discrimination act 1975 made it to deny policies to encourage female students to opt for science and technology
• swan and graddol

  • Teachers tend to see boys as unruly and disrespectful
  • They spend time telling them off rather than helping with work
  • Teachers lower expectations of boys
• 4/5 permanent exclusions are boys
• Jackson2006


  • Although ladette culture may be changing
  • Laddish behaviour made students seems cool and popular
• Media suggested girls are now acting laddish
• Smith and noble


  • Concluded that there was hidden costs of schooling
  • Charity days, school trips, non uniform days, book fairs
• Ridge

  • Found that the main costs for poorer families was uniform, school lunches
  • Some parents had difficulty finding even 50p for trips
• Ball.bowe gewritz


  • Privileged skilled choosers middle class parents who use their economic and culture to gain educational capital for their children
  • Importance of putting schools as their first choice, they can afford to move their children around the educational system, such as traveling costs to get into the best school
  • Disconnected local choosers working class parents who were restricted by their lack of economic and cultural capital
  • It was difficult to understand school admission procedures
  • Locked at safety and facistes rather than league tables
  • No money to travel to a school of their choice
  • Semi-skilled choosers working class who were ambitious for their child but didn't have cultural capital and found it hard to understand the education market and relied on people's opinions about schools
• Bernstein-language codes


  • Elaborated codes middle class to upper class a wide range of vocabulary needed to speak to the language of the higher class
  • Restricted codes-lower class, very restricted as their vocabulary is limited
• Sullivan-cultural capital


  • Cultural capital has an impact on children
  • If you go to the theatre you are more likely to pass your GCSEs
  • Found that poor nutrition linked to lower classes has an impact on achievement
  • Cultural capital has an impact on children as young as preschool age
• Harrison


  found a close correlation between poverty deprivation and low exam results
• Goodman and greg


  • Found that poorer families tend to have less educational resources such as computers
• Gilles


  Found that parents with higher qualifications use their knowledge to help their children
• Douglas


  • Working class cannot afford higher education
  • Working class parents do not support their children with work due to lack of understanding
• Driver + Ballard

  • Argue that Asian family culture brings educational benefits
  • Parents have positive attitudes towards education, with higher career aspirations
• driver - surveyed school leaders at 5 inner city schools

  Found that Afro-Caribbean females did better than white children because the matrifocal family tradition of Jamaica was passed to them through strong female role models
• New right Murray


  • African Caribbean communities have a high single parent rate
  • Believes this contributes to underachievement
• DFES - English as a add language

  Found that children who had English as their second language were more likely to underachieve
• Swann report (1985)-found that teachers can be institutionally racist
• Gillborn (1990)

  • Found that Afro-Caribbean boys were more likely to be given detention
  • Teachers misinterpreted the manner and dress of Afro-Caribbean pupils as presenting a challenge to authority therefore these pupils respond to their labels
• Connolly


  • Studied five and 6 year olds in a multi-ethnic inner city primary school
  • Teachers had a lack of sensitivity towards aspects of culture
  • Teachers pay less attention to Asian girls
  • Black boys punished more, Asian boys seen as immature rather than threatening
• Coard - ethnocentric curriculum 


  • Wrote a report in the 1970's
  • teachers expected black children to fail, and this produced a self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Black children were frequently placed in lower streams and bands, and in schools for the less able, but they also themselves expected to fail and, as a result, they did
  • The content of the education children received tended to ignore black perspectives
• Afro-Caribbean girls tend to do better than working class white pupils at GCSE level
• Some Pakistani and Bangladeshi children do relatively badly in school