1st semester reviewer
Subdecks (4)
Cards (122)
- Organic Material- Makes up organisms.- Helps organisms carry out life processes.- Contains the elements Carbon and Hydrogen
- Significance of Carbon- Nearly 10 Million carbon-containing organic compounds are known.- Types of carbon compounds in organisms include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.- Carbon can bond with a wide variety of other elements forming a variety of very large and complex molecules.- Carbon can bond with other Carbon.
- Carbohydrates- Contains only Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.- The most common of the four major types of organic compounds.- All consists of one or more smaller units called monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides and Disaccharides- Two monosaccharides that bonded together form Disaccharides.- Both are known as simple sugars that provide energy to living cells (Carbs).
- Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates)- Two or more monosaccharides bond together, form a carbohydrate called a Polysaccharide.- May contain a few to several thousands of monosaccharides.- Main function to store energy and form structure tissues (cell walls, exoskeletons).
- Lipids- Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (also fats and oils).- Lipid molecules contains glycerol and 3 fatty acids.- Hydrophobic: non-polar.- Aren’t water soluble.
- Types of Lipids- Consists of fatty acids alone or in combination with other compounds; several types of lipids consist of fatty acids combined with a molecule of alcohol:
- Triglycerides are the main form of stored energy in animals. This type of lipid is commonly known as fat.
- 1. Phospholipids are a major a major component of the membranes surrounding the cells of all organisms.
- 1. Steroids (or Sterol) have several functions. The sterol Cholesterol is an important part of cell membranes and plays other vital roles in the body. Other steroids are male and female sex hormones.
- Saturated Fatty Acids- Solid at room temperature.- Saturated refers to placement of hydrogen atoms around the carbon atoms.- Have a COOH group; all the C atoms (other than the C in the -COOH group) are bonded to two or more H atoms with single bonds.- Structure allows saturated fatty acids to be packed together tightly; dense storage of chemical energy.
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids- Liquids at room temperature.- Have a COOH group; some Carbon are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible because they are bonded to one or more additional groups, including double and triple bonds between Carbons.- Found mainly in plants, especially in fatty tissues such as nuts and seeds.
- Lipids and Diet- Humans need lipids for many vital functions, such as storing energy and forming cell membranes; also supply cells with energy.- Human body can manufacture most of the lipids it needs.- Essential fatty acids must be consumed in food.- Excess dietary lipids can be harmful.
- Protein- Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen- Made of smaller units called amino acids (monomers).- 20 different common amino acids make proteins- Small proteins can contain just a few hundred amino acids.- Yeast proteins average 466 amino acids.- The largest known proteins are the titins, found in muscle, which are composed from almost 27,000 amino acids.
- Function of Proteins- Essential part of all organisms; that serve many functions.- Provide a scaffolding that maintains the shape of cells.- Make up most muscle tissues.- Some are enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in cells.- Others are antibodies.- Still other help carry messages or materials in and out of cells or around the body.
- Functions of Proteins- Most important traits of proteins, allowing them to carry out these functions, is their ability to bond with other molecules. They can bond with other molecules very specifically and tightly.
- Protein Structure- Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.- Made of smaller units called Amino Acids (Monomers).- 20 different common amino acids make up protein.- Small proteins contain a few hundred amino acids. Yeast has around 466 amino acids.- Largest known protein are titins, found in muscle and composed of 27,000 amino acids.
- Functions of Proteins- Provide a scaffolding that maintains the shape of cells.- Make up most muscle tissues.- Some are enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in cells.- Others are antibodies.- Still other help carry messages or materials in and out of cells or around the body.- Can bond with other molecules.
- Amino Acid Structure- Same basic structure.- ‘R’ group; amino group (NH2); and carboxyl group (COOH).
- Protein Structure- Amino acids can bond together to form short chains called peptides or longer chains called polypeptides.- Protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains.
- Proteins and Diet- Proteins in the diet are necessary for life.- Dietary proteins are broken down into their component amino acids when food is digested.- Cells can then use the components to build new proteins.- Humans can synthesize all but eight of the twenty common amino acids.- These eight amino acids, called essential amino acids, must be consumed in foods.
- Nucleic Acids- Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.- Made of smaller units called nucleotides.- Nucleic acids are found not only in all living cells but also in viruses.- Types of nucleic acids include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA).
- Structure of Nucleic Acids- Consists of one or two chains of nucleotides held together by chemical bonds.- Each individual nucleotide unit consists of three parts:- A base (containing nitrogen)- four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine in DNA, or Uracil in RNA- A sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)- A phosphate group (containing phosphorus).- RNA consists of a single chain of nucleotides; DNA consists of two chains of nucleotides.
- Role of Nucleic Acids- Information is passed from a body cell to its daughter cells when the cell divides. It is also passed from parents to their offspring when organisms reproduce.
- How RNA Codes Protein- DNA and RNA have different functions relating to the genetic code and proteins- Like a set of blueprints, DNA contains the genetic instructions for the correct sequence of amino acids in proteins- RNA uses the information in DNA to assemble the amino acids and make the proteins.
- Solid- Retains its own shape and volume.- Is visually incompressible.- Doesn’t flow.- Diffusion within a solid occurs extremely slowly.
- Liquid- Assumes the shape of the portion of the container it occupies.- Doesn’t expand to fill container.- Is virtually incompressible.- Flows readily.- Diffusion within a liquid occurs slowly.
- Gas- Assumes both the volume and shape of its container.- Is compressible.- Flows readily.- Diffusion within a gas occurs rapidly.
- Crystalline Solid- Ordered arrangement.- Particles are essentially in fixed positions.- Particles close together.
- Liquid- Disorder.- Particles or clusters of particles are free to move relative to each other.- Particles are close together.
- Gas- Total disorder.- Much empty space.- Particles have complete freedom of motion.- Particles are far apart.
- Intramolecular Forces- The covalent bond holding a molecule together.
- Intermolecular Forces- The force holding solids and liquids together.- Attraction between molecules.- Much weaker than intramolecular forces.- Melting or boiling breaks intermolecular forces (not the covalent bond).- The stronger the attractive forces, the higher the boiling point of the liquid and the melting point of the solid.
- Ion-Dipole Forces- Attraction between an ion and a dipole (a polar molecule such as water).- Strongest of all intermolecular forces are found only in mixtures.
- Dipole-Dipole- Between neutral polar molecules.- Oppositely charged ends of a molecule attract.- Weaker than Ion-Dipole forces.- Dipole-Dipole forces increase with increasing polarity- Strength of attractive forces are inversely related to molecular volume.
- London Dispersion Forces- Weakest of all intermolecular forces.- Two adjacent neutral, non-polar molecules.- The nucleus of one attracts the electron of the other.- Electron clouds are distorted.Instantaneous dipole.
- London Dispersion Forces- Strength of forces is directly related to molecular weight.- London dispersion forces exist between all molecules.- Depend on the shape of the molecule.- The greater the surface area available for contact, the greater the dispersion forces.
- Viscosity- Is the resistance of a liquid to flow.- Molecules slide over each other.- The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity.- Viscosity increases with an increase in molecular weight.
- Surface Tension- Surface molecules are only attracted inwards towards the bulk molecules.- Molecules within the liquid are all equally attracted to each other.- Amount of energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid.
- Cohesive Forces- Bind molecules to each other (Hg).- If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus is curved downwards.