PE Paper 1

• Joint


  An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create movement
• Ligament


  A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
• Plane of movement


  The description of three dimensional movement at a joint.
• Sagittal plane


  The line down the middle of the body, splitting it into left and right.
• Frontal Plane


  Vertical line down the body, Splitting it into front and back.
• Transverse plane


  Horizontal line across the body, slipping it into top and bottom
• Flexion


  Movement at a joint where the angle at the joint decreases
• Extension


  movement at a joint where the angle increases
• Abduction


  movement of limbs away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  movement of limbs towards the midline of the body
• Tendon


  A fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
• Agonist


  the muscle which creates movement at a joint
• Antagonist


  the muscle which co-ordinates the movement by providing resistance
• Fixator


  muscle which stabilises on part of the body while another moves
• isotonic contraction


  contractions in which the muscle changes in length
• eccentric contraction


  When a muscle lengthens under tension, usually an antagonist
• Concentric Contraction


  When a muscle shortens under tension, usually an agonist
• isometric contaction


  when a muscle stays the same length under tension
• Delayed onset muscle soreness


  The pain and stiffness felt in muscles, linked with eccentric contractions
• Motor Neuron


  A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
• Motor Unit


  A motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
• Action Potential


  Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron into the muscle fibre
• Neurotransmitter


  A chemical produced and secreted by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synaptic cleft
• All or none law


  Depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold all muscle fibres will completely contract or none at all
• Slow oxidative muscle fibres


  muscle fibres with a high aerobic capacity, and capillaries, which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
• Fast glycolytic muscle fibres


  muscle fibre with high PC stores producing a maximal force for a short period of time
• Phosphocreatine


  a high energy compound stored the muscle cell and used as fuel for high intensity exersize
• Work:Relief ratio


  the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed
• Conduction system


  a set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse forcing the Atria and ventricles to contract
• Diastole


  The relaxation phase where chambers fill with blood
• Systole

  The contraction phase where chambers eject blood
• Heart rate

  the number of times the heart beats per minute
• Stroke Volume


  The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
• Cardiac output


  The total amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute- Heart rate x Stroke Volume
• Venous return


  The return of blood to the right aitria from the veins
• Sub-Maximal


  A low to moderate intensity of exercise, within a performers aerobic capactiy
• Maximal


  A high intensity of exercise above a performers aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue
• Starlings law


  Increased venous return leads to increased stroke volume due to the increased stretch of ventricle walls
• Cardiac Control Centre


  A control centre in the medulla oblangata responsible for HR regulation
• Sympathetic Nervous system


  Part of the nervous system which raises heart rate