Untitled

• Solute


  Substance dissolved in a liquid solution
• Mixture


  A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined together
• Types of mixtures


  • Elements
  • Compounds
  • Mixtures
• Separation methods


  • Crystallisation
  • Fractional distillation
  • Filtration
  • Chromatography
• Compound


  Substance made from two or more different types of atoms chemically joined together
• Mixtures


  • Perfume
  • Sea water
• Rf value


  Ratio of distance traveled by spot to distance traveled by solvent
• Solid


  • Particles arranged regularly
  • Vibrate in fixed positions
  • Strong forces of attraction
  • Low kinetic energy
• Liquid


  • Particles arranged randomly
  • Can slide over each other
  • Moderate forces of attraction
  • Moderate kinetic energy
• Gas


  • Particles randomly distributed
  • Weak forces of attraction
  • High kinetic energy
  • Diffusion - spreading out of particles from high to low concentration
• A change of state occurs when particles overcome the forces of attraction between them
• NH3(g) + HCl(g) -> NH4Cl(s) - Solid ammonium chloride particles form from gaseous reactants
• Solvent


  Liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
• Saturated solution


  Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in the solvent at a given temperature
• Adding more solute to a saturated solution does not increase the concentration
• Metals are good conductors of electricity
• Metals


  • High melting and boiling points
  • Good conductors of electricity
  • Ductile
  • Shiny when polished
  • Malleable
• Atomic number


  Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• Mass number


  Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
• Isotopes


  Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
• Relative atomic mass


  Average mass of all the isotopes of an element weighted by their abundance
• pH levels


  • Strongly acidic
  • weakly acidic
  • Neutral
  • weakly Alkaline
  • Strongly Alkaline
• Red litmus paper with acid: Stays red
• Blue litmus paper with acid: turns red
• METHYL ORANGE with acid: Red
• PHENOLPHTHALEIN in acid: Colourless
• UNIVERSAL INDICATOR in acid: Red
• RED LITMUS PAPER in alkali: Blue
• BLUE LITMUS PAPER in alkali: Stays blue
• METHYL ORANGE in alkali : Yellow
• PHENOLPHTHALEIN in alkali: pink
• UNIVERSAL INDICATOR: Blue (purple)
• REACTIONS OF METALS WITH ACIDS

  1. Metals above hydrogen, metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen

  2. Metals below hydrogen, no reaction
• METAL OXIDE


  Metal oxide + acid -> salt + Water (Heat needed)
• CARBONATES


  Carbonate + acid -> salt + carbon dioxide + water
• When calcium carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid, it creates calcium sulphate which is insoluble in water, stopping any further reaction
• NEUTRALISATION REACTION


  Acid + Base -> Salt + Water
• Base formulas


  • Sodium Hydroxide: NaOH
  • Calcium Carbonate: CaCO₃
  • Potassium Hydroxide: KOH
• Salt


  Compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal
• Salts


  • Nitrate
  • Chloride
  • Carbonate
  • Hydroxide