physci - 4th quarter

• Pythagoras: He was the first one to originate a spherical earth using observations such as North and South Constellations, Sinking Ships; and Lunar Eclipse
• North and South Constellations - the moon and the stars, the constellations seem that they are evolving around. Everything outside is just evolving/rotating around the Earth.
• Sinking Ships - above the ocean is the sky; as the ships move away it is sinking. Earth is sphere so its sinking and moving away from Pythagoras
• Lunar Eclipse - observed the shadow of Earth during lunar eclipse. Sun and earth are aligned but the moon is not entirely aligned with the sun.
• Plato: The earth is a form of globe having its extremes in every direction equidistant from the center. The planet is:

  • At the center of the universe
  • Perfect and eternal 
  • Has four elements: fire, air, water, earth
• Aristotle - His work on 350 BC entitled, “On the Heavens” initiated the idea of a geocentric universe with fixed spherical earth at its center.
• • Three arguments of Aristotle:
  • Rounded Shadow which the earth projects on the moon
  • Change in the constellations as travelers navigate to southern and northern regions
  • Indirect idea on gravity
• Eratosthenes - He gave the most accurate size of the Earth through non-scientific calculations during his time
• Geocentric Theory - Earth is the center of planetary system
• Plato - Geocentric Theorist
• Aristotle - Geocentric Theorist
• Ptolemy - Geocentric Theorist
• Tycho Brache - Geocentric Theorist
• Aristarchus of Samos - Heliocentric Theorists
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Heliocentric Theorists
• Galileo Galilei - Heliocentric Theorists
• • Johannes Kepler - Heliocentric Theorists
• Astronomy - Focuses on the physical heavenly objects found above the Earth’s atmosphere
• Cosmology - History on how the universe started. Timeline on how the universe was formed
• Plato - universe is perfect, ethereal, and unchanging. Stars is eternal and divine
• Eudoxus of Cnidus - there are 27 interconnected geocentric sphere
• Aristotle - Addition to Eudoxus. There are 3 spheres to Jupiter and Mars. There are 4 spheres to Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury
• Claudia Ptolemy - Earth is a spherical object. Stars are fixed bodies. Planetary moved independently from the fixed stars and planets seems to reverse their motion
• Aristarchus of Samas - sun and stars are fixed. Estimated distance from Earth to Sun and Moon
• Nicolaus Copernicus - corrected geocentric theory and proposed Heliocentric theory
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Earth is:

  • only one of the planets
  • rotates on its axis daily and revolves around Sun once a year
  • experiences annual tilting of its axis
• Nicolaus Copernicus - tilting of Earth and 4 seasons

  • Winter - northern away from sun
  • Summer - southern toward the Sub
  • countries on equator don't experience the 4 seasons
• Tycho Brahe - modified geocentric model of universe. designed and built huge instruments to measure positions of planet
• Tycho Brahe - discovered supernova
• Tycho Model:

  • Earth is the center of Sun and Moon
  • Sun is the center of all other planets
• Galileo Galilei - discovered sunspots and rough surface of moon
• Galileo Galilei - discovered 4 famous moons of Jupiter (known as Galilean Moons)]
• Galileo Galilei - discovered that Venus has phases (like moon)
• Johannes Kepler - First Law

  • orbits are elipses
  • sun is only at one focus
• Johannes Kepler - Second Law

  • equal areas in equal time
  • Perihelion - nearest to the Sun
  • Aphelion - farthest from the Sun
• Johannes Kepler - Third Law

  • cube radius of orbit around sun is proportional to the square of its period of revolution
• Chemical Change - Process of transformation. Each of the element can be combined/transformed to become another type of element/object.
• Violent Motion

  • It exists when a motion requires a force to make an object move in “unnatural manner”
• Natural Motion

  • It exists as any type of motion that a body does naturally without forcing the motion to happen
• Free Fall Motion

  • It is a type of motion under the sole influence of gravity