lit 1

• Literature


  The writing or the study of books
• Literature


  Writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the author in artistic forms of permanent interest
• Reasons for studying literature

  • Self expression
  • Pleasure and entertainment
  • To understand life by reflecting on own and others' lives
• Literary genres

  • Oral or Written
  • Fiction or Non-Fictional
  • Prose or Poetry
• Types of Fictional Literature


  • Drama
  • Tragedy
  • Comedy
  • Melodrama
  • Fable
  • Parable
  • Legend
  • Fairy Tale
• Types of Non-Fictional Literature

  • Autobiography
  • Essay
  • Journal
  • Newspaper
  • Magazines
• Types of Prose or Poetry


  • Myths
  • Short Stories
  • Novel
  • Sonnet
  • Ballad
  • Elegy
  • Ode
  • Allegory
  • Epics
  • Lyric
• Functions/Uses of Literature

  • Vehicle for self-expression
  • Recorder of national history and social/political upheavals
  • Tool for cultural transmission
  • Showcase of national identity
  • For pleasure and entertainment
  • For emotional gratification
  • For information and education
• Fiction


  Fanciful narratives of imagined happenings
• History


  Deals with particulars, with unique persons and events
• Fiction


  Uses made-up or imagined particulars to present universals - statements about human beings in general, not just about an individual
• Truth in fiction


  Consists in the dramatic presentation of plausible changes in human relationships that happen because it is in man's nature to allow them to happen
• Novel


  A short story made long by the addition of subplots
• Short story


  Gives us a glimpse of life, has a narrower scope or range compared to the novel
• Elements of Fiction


  • Plot
  • Characters
  • Setting
  • Point of view
  • Theme
• Plot


  The arrangement of events and actions in a story
• Structure of Plot

  • Initial incident or exposition
  • Development of problem
  • Conflict
  • Climax
  • Resolution or denouement
• Common Conflicts in a Story

  • Man vs Man
  • Man vs Himself
  • Man vs Environment
• Protagonist


  The principal figure around whom a story revolves
• Antagonist


  Another character, an antagonist force that the protagonist fights against
• Setting


  The when and where of a story, which helps the reader understand the world presented
• Character


  • An antagonist force (an agency that is not embodied in a character, such as a natural phenomenon)
• Setting


  The when and where of a story, providing details about the world that establish beliefs, customs, and values that make up the environment of the story
• Literary masterpiece


  • Artistry
  • Intellectual value
  • Spiritual value
  • Permanence
  • Suggestiveness
  • Style
  • Universality
• 11 literary masterpieces that influenced the lives of people of the world

  • The Holy Bible
  • Koran
  • Mahabharata
  • The Book of Day by Confucius
  • The Book of the Dead
  • Iliad and Homer
  • The Odyssey of Homer
  • The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
  • El Cid
  • Divine Comedy by Dante
  • Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet
• 5 elements of poetry

  • Sound
  • Rhyme
  • Rhythm
  • Meter
  • Repetition
• Rhyme


  The regular recurrence of similar sounds usually at the end of lines
• Rhythm


  The recurrence of pattern of sounds, the result of systematically stressing or accenting words and syllables
• Meter


  The measure with which we count the beat of the rhythm, taken from the Greek word "metron" meaning to "measure"
• Forms of repetition


  • Alliteration
  • Consonance
  • Assonance
  • Onomatopoeia
• 8 figures of speech

  • "Anong Petsa na"
  • "Rachel is as bright as the sun"
  • "I WILL GIVE YOU THE STAR AND THE MOON"
  • "YOU ARE MY ANGEL"
  • "SHE SPEAKS LIKE A MACHINE GUN"
  • "I HEARD THE WHISPER OF THE WIND"
• Reasons why speakers use figures of speech


  • It makes the language more colorful and interesting
  • It gives more effect to the listener or to the reader
  • It gives a more vivid and concrete description
• Simile


  A stated comparison between two things that really are very different, but share some common element, introduced by like, as, as if, than similar to resemble, etc.
• Metaphor

  An implied comparison between two unlike things without the use or as, as if, like
• Personification


  A figure of speech that gives human qualities or attributes to an object, an animal or an idea
• Metonymy

  Substitution of the literal noun for another which it suggests because it is somehow associated with it
• Hyperbole


  Deliberate overstatement or exaggeration, not to deceive but to emphasize a statement often for humorous effect
• Irony


  A statement of one idea, the opposite of which is meant
• Oxymoron


  The combining of contraries (opposites) to portray a particular image or to produce a striking effect
• Apostrophe


  A direct address to an inanimate object, a dead person (as if present), or an idea