A & P

• The transverse plane divides up into...

  top/bottom
• The sagittal plane divides into...

  left/right
• The coronal plane divides into... 


  front/back
• Dextraal: right; sinistral:


  left
• Rostral: toward the head; caudal: 


  tail
• dorsal: toward the spine; ventral: toward the


  sternum
• eminence is a

  proturbance (buldge)
• foss is a

  depression
• foramen is a

  hole
• sulcus is a 


  groove
• Skull bones

  A) occipital

  B) temporal

  C) parietal

  D) frontal

  E) sphenoid

  F) mandible

  G) zygomatic

  
• Temporal bone- lateral aspect

  A) SQUAMOUS

  B) zygomatic process

  C) styloid process

  D) tympanic

  E) mastoid

  
• Auricle (pinna)

  A) helix

  B) antihelix

  C) concha

  D) lobule

  E) tragus

  F) triangular fossa

  
• Pinna pt 2

  A) crura of antihelix

  B) scaphoid fossa

  C) antitragus

  
• What are the functions of the EAC (2)?

  1. protect ME and IE 2. maintain constant temperature
• The skin of the EAC is innervated by 4 cranial nerves. What are they?

  1. CN 5 (trigeminal)
  2. CN 7 (facial)
  3. CN9 (glossopharyngeal)
  4. CN 10 (vagal)
• Stimultion of the EAC can cause what?


  coughing (glossopharyngeal); changes in cardiac function (vagal)
• This is the enlarged space in the mastoid part of the TB and connects to epitympanic recess via aditus ad antrum

  Mastoid antrum
• This part is superior to the TM and contains the head of the malleus

  epitympanic recess
• What are the two parts of the TM?

  1. pars tensa
  2. pars flaccia
• The parts tensa is the inferior _/_, and the pars flaccidia is the superior _/_


  2/3, 1/3
• TM

  A) incus

  B) manubrium of malleus

  C) cone of light

  D) round window

  E) promontory

  F) stapes

  G) oval window

  H) pars flaccida

  I) pars tensa

  
• The stapes footplate sits in the oval window
• The anterior wall of the ME contains the internal carotid artery, the opening of the ET, and the entrance to the semicanal of the tensor tympani m.
• The lateral wall of the ME is the TM
• The posterior wall of the ME has the aditus ad antrum, the pyramidal eminence, the fossa incudis, and the canal of CN 7
• The floor of the TM has the jugular bulb
• The superior wall (ceiling) of the TM has the tegmen tympani
• The medial wall of the TM contains the oval window, round window, promontory of cochlea, and canal of CN 7
• The ET equalizes pressure in the ME. It is about 3.5 cm long, the lateral 1/3 is bony, the medial 2/3 is cartilaginous
• What are the functions of the OE?

  1. protection
  2. sound gathering
  3. localization
• The head shadow effect attenuates high frequency sounds (>1500 Hz)
• The pinna modifies high frequencies (>4000 Hz) and is important for localization when time and level (binaural) cues aren't available
• The pinna effect is for monaural localization and front-back distinctions
• The resonance frequency of the ear canal is 3-4 kHz
• The HRTF is an I/O function showing differences between dB SPL at the source and ear drum as a function of frequency
• Azimuth is the location of sounds in the horizontal plane
• Elevation is the location of sound source in the vertical plane
• The difference in the near ear and far ear functions reflects the head shadow effect

  
• Due to pinna filtering effects, there is more high frequency energy as elevation increases