skeletal system and muscular system

• Functions of the bones

  • Shape and support
  • Muscle attachment
  • Production of red blood cells
  • Protection
• Cranium


  Flat bone - protection - head
• Humerus


  Long bone - upper arm
• Radius


  Long bone - lower arm (thumb)
• Ulna


  Long bone - lower arm (pinky)
• Clavicle


  Long bone - shoulder
• Scapula


  Flat bone - protection
• Ribs


  Flat bones - protection
• Pelvic


  Flat bones - Hip
• Patella


  Flat bones - knee
• Femur


  Long bone - upper leg
• Tibia


  Long bone - lower leg (main one)
• Fibula


  Long bone - lower leg
• Carpals


  Flat bone - wrist
• Metacarpals


  Long bones - lower finger
• Phalanges


  Long bones - fingers
• Joint types

  • Fixed or immovable joints
  • Slightly movable joints
  • Freely movable (synovial joints)
• Synovial fluid


  Provides lubricant
• Synovial membrane


  Secretes synovial fluid
• Cartilage


  Prevents friction of bones
• Ligament


  Connects bone to bone
• Tendon


  Connects bone to muscle
• Movements at joint


  • Extension - straightening a part of the body
  • Flexion - bending a part o the body
  • Abduction - a sideways movement away from the body
  • Adduction - a sideways moments towards the body
  • Rotation - a turning point around an imaginary point or axis
  • Plantar flexion - pointing the toes at the ankle
  • Dorsiflexion - pointing the toes up towards the shin
• Muscles


  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Deltoid
  • Bicep
  • Tricep
  • Quadricep
  • Hamstring
  • Hamstring
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Pectorals
  • Abdominals
  • Gluetals
• Antagonistic muscle action


  Antagonistic muscles work in opposition
• Agonist (prime mover)


  The muscle that contracts to create movement
• Antagonist

  The muscle that relaxes during movement
• Muscular contraction


  • Isometric contraction - the muscle contracts, but stay the same length
  • Isotonic contraction - muscle changes length as they contract
  • Concentric contraction - muscle contracts and shortens
  • Eccentric contraction - muscle contracts and lengthens
• Muscle fibre types


  • Slow twitch muscle:
  • Used for endurance muscles
  • Contacts slowly
  • High fatigue tolerance
  • Produces a small amount of power and force
  • Fast twitch muscle:
  • Contracts quickly
  • produces large amount of power
  • Low fatigue tolerance
  • Used for sprints