Civics😫🤮

• Conflict


  Disagreements that arise due to differences or divergence of interests in a society
• Conflict is unavoidable in life and they are not always negative
• Peace


  The absence of war, fights and violence, and the presence of justice, law and order in society
• Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution

  • Negotiation
  • Mediation
  • Arbitration
  • Litigation
• Negotiation


  The process of talking directly to another person in order to resolve a conflict or dispute in a peaceful manner
• Compromise


  When both parties in a conflict agree to give up something in order to reach an agreement
• Collaboration


  An important component of effective negotiation (working together)
• Mediation


  A process where a neutral third party or mediator assists conflicting parties in reaching an agreement
• Arbitration


  A method of resolving disputes where a neutral third party or arbitrator makes a decision after hearing a case
• Litigation


  A formal method of resolving conflict in court where the disputing parties appear before a judge who weighs the evidence and makes a decision
• Peace Building


  The process of building peace before, during and after conflict happens
• Importance of Peace Building


  • To prevent conflicts from escalating
  • To create security in the community
  • To safeguard lives and livelihoods
  • To bring harmony among people and promote democratic living
• Indigenous Social Institutions for Resolving Conflict


  • Grass-roots approaches to conflict resolution by society, involving forgiveness, respect for elders, and resource transfer as compensation
  • Focus on reconciling disputing parties rather than punishing them
  • Based on judicial and legal decision-making mechanisms
• Indigenous conflict resolution methods are believed to be effective by the communities that use them
• Some indigenous institutions for Conflict Resolution include

  • In Oromia, Jaarsumma
  • In Amhara, Shimgilina(Erq)
  • In Somalia, Xeer
  • In Gurage, Yajoka
  • In Afar, Mada'a
• Jaarsumma- Conflict Resolution Process

  1. Involves individual clans

  2. Involves people within and outside the community

  3. The people are called Jaarsas

  4. It's linked to the Godaa System

  5. It takes place under a massive tree, known as "Odda"
• Shimgilina


  • Widely used among the Amhara (Tigray) people
  • Their traditional method of resolving disputes through mediation and conciliation
• Xeer


  • Developed in Somalia to settle disputes and maintain social order
  • Not a written legal code, but a tradition passed down from one generation to the next
  • Divided into two categories: Xeer Guud and Xeer Gaar
  • Xeer Guud covers criminal and civil matters and is applicable to all clans
  • Xeer Gaar is any offence in a specific community or clan
• Yajoka


  • Provided by Gurage customary law, known as Kitchha
  • Kitchha is a legal system that governs all aspects of human relations among the Gurage people
• Mada'a


  • A legal system in Afar that serves as a foundation for other administrative systems and a constitution
  • Their most common recognized mechanisms are Shimglena or reconciliation by elders and arbitration by tribal leaders (including religious leaders)
  • They believe their resolution methods are effective
• Critical thinking


  A way of thinking that involves reasoning, acting on evidence, and problem-solving
• Problem solving


  A mental activity that aims to acquire a goal when solutions are elusive to the problem solver
• Steps of critical thinking in decision making


  1. Identify the decision

  2. Gather relevant information

  3. Identify the alternatives

  4. Weigh the evidence

  5. Choose among alternatives

  6. Take action

  7. Review your decision and its consequences
• Skills of critical thinking


  • Comprehending and expressing
  • Identifying relationships
  • Assessing credibility
  • Drawing reasonable conclusions
  • Explanation
  • Self-regulation
• Habits of critical thinkers


  • Use evidence objectively and impartially
  • Organize thoughts and articulate them concisely and coherently
  • Suspend judgment in the absence of sufficient evidence
  • Acknowledge what they don't know
  • View controversial issues as exciting challenges
  • Strive for understanding, keep curiosity alive
  • Judge based on evidence rather than personal preferences
  • Question their own views
• Critical thinking is a skill that must be taught
• Strategies for improving students' critical thinking include trial and error methods, being a lifelong learner, creating mental images, seeking a pattern, and manipulative