Surv

• SURVEYING

  • It is the art of determining the positions on or near the earth’s surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely distance, direction, and elevation. (Rayner and Schmidt)
• Surveying - It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. (Davis, Foote, Anderson and Mikhail)
• SURVEYING

  • It is the art of making such measurements of the relative

  positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing

  them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in

  their correct horizontal or vertical relationship. (Clarke)
• SURVEYING

  • It is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of

  determining the area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the

  length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the

  surfaces, and of accurately delineating the whole paper.

  (Webster)
• SURVEYING

  • It is the science or art of making such measurements as are

  necessary to determine the relative position of points above, on,

  or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such point.

  (Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
• SURVEYING - It is the art and science of determining angular and linear

  measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative

  position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the

  earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied

  mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and

  techniques. (La Putt)
• PLANE SURVEYING

  • The Earth is considered to be a flat surface

  • The curvature of the Earth is not taken into consideration

  • Suitable for small area surveying
• GEODETIC SURVEYING

  • Takes into account the spheroidal shape of the Earth

  • The curvature of the Earth is taken into consideration

  • Suitable for large area
• PLANE SURVEYING

  • Survey accuracy is low

  • Economic and easy survey method
• GEODETIC SURVEYING

  • Survey accuracy is high

  • Special instrument needed and long survey method
• TYPES OF SURVEYS -

  CADASTRAL SURVEY

  CITY SURVEY

  CONSTRUCTION SURVEY

  FORESTRY SURVEY

  HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY

  INDUSTRIAL SURVEY

  MINE SURVEY

  PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY

  ROUTE SURVEY

  TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
• CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYS

  PLANE SURVEYING

  GEODETIC SURVEYING
• CADASTRAL SURVEY

  • These are closed surveys in

  urban and rural locations to

  determine and define

  property lines and

  boundaries, corners, and

  areas.
• CITY SURVEY

  • These are surveys of the

  areas in and near a city for

  the purpose of planning

  expansions or improvements,

  locating property lines, fixing

  reference monuments,

  determining the physical

  features and configuration of

  the land, and preparing maps.
• CONSTRUCTION SURVEY

  • These are undertaken at

  construction site to provide

  data regarding grades,

  reference lines, dimensions,

  ground configuration, and the

  location and elevation of

  structures which are of

  concern to engineers,

  architects, and builders.
• FORESTRY SURVEY

  • These are surveys in

  connection with forest

  management and

  mensuration, and the

  production and conservation

  of forest lands.
• HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY

  • These are surveys made to

  map shore lines, chart the

  shape of areas underlying

  water surfaces, and measure

  the flow of streams.
• INDUSTRIAL SURVEY

  • These are the use of

  surveying techniques in ship

  building, construction and

  assembly of aircraft, lay-out

  and installation of heavy and

  complex machinery, and in

  other industries requiring very

  accurate dimension layouts.
• MINE SURVEY

  • These determines the position

  of all underground excavations

  and surface mine structures, to

  fix surface boundaries of

  mining claims, determine

  geological formations, to

  calculate excavated volumes,

  and establish lines and grades

  for other related mining work.
• PHOTOGRAMMETRIC

  SURVEY

  • These survey uses

  photographs taken with

  specially designed cameras

  either from airplanes or ground

  stations.
• ROUTE SURVEY

  • These involves the determination

  of alignment, grades, earthwork

  quantities, location of natural and

  artificial objects in connection

  with the planning, design, and

  construction of highways,

  railroads, pipelines, canals,

  transmission lines, and other

  linear projects.
• TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

  • These surveys determine the

  shape of the ground, the location

  and elevation of natural and

  artificial features upon it.
• TYPES OF NOTES

  • Sketches
  • Tabulations
  • Explanatory Notes
  • Computations
  • Combination of the above
• STEEL TAPE

  • Also called the engineer’s or

  surveyor’s tape

  • Graduated in feet or meters

  together with decimal parts

  and lengths may vary from 15

  to 100 m.
• RANGE POLES

  • Used as guides or markers

  when sighting points, and for

  lining up tapemen in order to

  keep them going along the

  correct direction.
• CHAINING PINS

  • Used for marking the ends of

  tapes or intermediate points

  during taping.
• TAPE THERMOMETER

  • Attached to the tape for the

  purpose of determining the

  temperature during actual

  taping.
• SPRING SCALE

  • Used at the end of a tape for

  reading the pull applied to the

  tape during measurement
• TAPE CLAMPING HANDLE

  • Used to apply tension by a

  strong grip using a scissor-type

  action on any part of a steel

  tape.

  • Device to provide a tapeman’s

  hands from injury when

  handling steel tapes with sharp

  edges
• PLUMB BOB

  • Used to project a point on the

  tape down to the ground, or to

  project a point on the ground

  up to the tape.
• TAPE LEATHER THONGS

  • Attached to the forward end of

  a steel tape to allow the

  tapeman a better hold on the

  tape during measurement.
• WOODEN HUB / PEG

  • Used in surveying to establish

  points on the ground.

  • Driven to the ground and used

  in staking out a building, to run

  road center lines, and in

  staking out lines or grades.
• BRUNTON POCKET COMPASS

  • Combines the main features of

  a sighting compass, a

  prismatic compass, a hand

  level, and a clinometer.

  • An accurate and convenient

  device for topographic and

  preliminary surveys of all

  kinds.
• DUMPY LEVEL

  • Most widely used direct

  levelling instrument.

  • Name originated from the fact

  that formerly this instrument

  was usually equipped with an

  inverting eyepiece and was

  shorter than other levels of the

  same magnifying power.
• WYE LEVEL

  • Its telescope tube is supported

  by two Y-shaped uprights fixed

  to a horizontal bar and in turn

  attached to the vertical spindle

  about which the instrument

  rotates.
• AUTOMATIC LEVEL

  • Incorporated with self-levelling

  features.

  • Very useful under conditions of

  unstable ground and wind, and

  where speed in levelling work

  is an important consideration.
• LEVELLING RODS

  • Used in conjunction with an

  instrument such as a transit or

  a level to determine distances

  or differences in elevation.

  • Can be self-reading or target

  rods.
• Philadelphia Rod is the most

  commonly used type of rod

  wherein it is a combination

  self-reading and target rod and

  consists of two sliding sections

  so that it can be extended to a

  length about twice the length of

  one section.
• ENGINEER’S TRANSIT

  • Essentially a telescope and

  two large protractors, one

  mounted in a vertical plane

  and the other in a horizontal

  plane, fixed to measure the

  angle of rotation of the

  telescope about the horizontal

  and vertical axes, respectively.
• THEODOLITE

  • Precision instrument for

  measuring angles.

  • Two general classes of

  theodolites : repeating

  theodolites and direction

  theodolites