HA

• Structures that comprise the mouth and throat


  • Lips
  • Cheeks
  • Tongue
  • Palate
  • Uvula
  • Mandible
  • Gums
  • Teeth
  • Salivary glands
• Mouth and throat


  • Comprise the first part of the digestive system
  • Functions: Receiving food, tasting and preparing food for digestion, aiding in speech
• Cranial nerves related to the mouth and throat


  • V (trigeminal)
  • VII (facial)
  • IX (glossopharyngeal)
  • XII (hypoglossal)

  
• Mouth (oral cavity)


  First part of the digestive system that is formed by the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, uvula, and the tongue and its muscles

  
• Mouth


  • Serves as an airway for the respiratory tract
  • Consists of the tongue, teeth, gums, and salivary glands
• Palate


  Roof of oral cavity, formed by the anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate, separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing
• Lips


  • Form the entrance to the mouth, serve as a protective gateway to the digestive and respiratory tract
• Cheeks


  • Form the lateral walls of the mouth, located within buccinator muscles which flatten cheeks against teeth, important for mastication (chewing)
• Tongue


  • Form the floor of the mouth, mass of muscle attached to the hyoid bone and styloid process, contains frenulum and papillae, carries sensory impulses to the brain via taste buds
• Uvula


  • Extension of the soft palate, hangs in the posterior midline of the oropharynx
• Mandible (jawbone)


  • Provides the structural support for the floor of the mouth
• Gums (gingiva)


  • Covered by mucous membrane, normally holds 32 teeth in adults and 20 for babies
• Teeth


  Adults have 32 teeth, babies have 20, consist of crown, root, and neck

  
• Salivary glands


  • Produce saliva, a watery, serous fluid containing salts, mucus, and salivary amylase which helps break down food and lubricates it, include parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
• Throat (pharynx)


  Located behind the mouth and nose, serves as passageway for food and air, includes nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• Tonsils


  • Help protect against infection, include palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
• Mouth and throat health issues


  • Mouth sores/lesions (aphthous stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, hyperplasia)
  • Difficulty/painful swallowing (dysphagia, odynophagia)
  • Sore throat
  • Hoarseness
• Past health history related to mouth and throat


  • Oral surgeries
  • Treatments/medications
• Family health history related to mouth and throat


  • History of mouth or throat cancer
• Lifestyle and health practices related to mouth and throat


  • Smoking/tobacco use
  • Drinking alcohol
  • Bruxism (teeth grinding)
  • Last dental examination
  • Oral care
  • Dietary intake
• Equipment for mouth and throat examination


  • Nonlatex gloves
  • 4x4 in. gauze pad
  • Penlight
  • Tongue depressor
• Mouth and throat inspection and palpation


  • Lips (consistency, moisture, color)
  • Teeth (number, color, condition, repairs)
  • Buccal mucosa (leukoplakia, candida albicans, Addison disease)
  • Stensen ducts (mumps)
  • Tongue (Fordyce granule, niacin/Vit. B12 deficiency, hairy leukoplakia, enlargement, atrophy)
  • Ventral tongue surface
  • Wharton ducts
  • Tongue strength and mobility
  • Hard and soft palates, uvula (torus palatinus, Kaposi sarcoma, jaundice, cleft palate)
  • Odor (fruity/acetone, ammonia, sulfur)
  • Uvula (CN X paralysis)
  • Tonsils (tonsillitis, grading)
• Abnormalities of the mouth and throat


  • Herpes simplex type I (cold sores)
  • Cheilosis (lips)
  • Carcinoma (lips, tongue)
  • Leukoplakia (ventral surface)
  • Hairy leukoplakia (lateral surface)
  • Candida albicans infection (thrush)
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Black hairy tongue
  • Canker sores
  • Gingivitis
  • Receding gums
  • Kaposi sarcoma lesions
  • Acute tonsillitis
  • Streptococcal pharyngitis
• The abdomen is bordered superiorly by the costal margins, inferiorly by symphysis pubis and inguinal canals, and laterally by the flanks

  
• Abdominal quadrants


  Determined by an imaginary vertical line (midline) from the tip of the sternum (xiphoid) through the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis, bisected perpendicularly by the lateral line through the umbilicus

  
• Abdominal quadrants


  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

  
• Abdominal regions


  • Epigastric
  • Umbilical
  • Hypogastric/suprapubic
• Abdominal wall muscles


  • Protect the internal organs and allow normal compression during functional activities, consist of three layers: external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis
• Rectus abdominis


  • A vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall
• Linea alba


  White line at the midline of the abdomen formed from the joining of muscle fibers and aponeuroses, extends vertically from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis
• Peritoneum


  Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity, visceral peritoneum provides a protective covering for most of the internal abdominal organs
• Abdominal cavity contents


  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Female reproductive system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Urinary system
• Abdominal viscera


  • Solid viscera (liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, uterus)
  • Hollow viscera (stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, bladder)
• Liver


  • Largest solid organ in the body, located below the diaphragm in the RUQ, composed of four lobes
• Pancreas


  • Located mostly behind the stomach, deep in the upper abdomen, functions as an endocrine gland and accessory organ of digestion
• Spleen


  • Approximately 7cm wide, located above the kidney just below the diaphragm, functions as a filter
• Solid viscera


  Organs that do not change shape depending on their contents
• Solid viscera


  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Kidneys
  • Ovaries
• Liver


  • Largest solid organ in the body
  • Located below the diaphragm in the RUQ of the abdomen
  • Composed of four lobes that fill most of the RUQ and extend to the left midclavicular line (LMCL)
• Pancreas


  • Located mostly behind the stomach, deep in the upper abdomen
  • Not palpable
  • Long gland extending across the abdomen from the RUQ to the LUQ
  • Functions as an endocrine gland and accessory organ of digestion