yr 8 geography

• Evaporation


  Water changes from liquid to gaseous phase
• Condensation


  Water vapor condenses into water droplets and forms clouds
• Precipitation


  Water droplets merge and fall out of the clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail
• Collection


  Water flows back to bodies of water through runoff, infiltration, percolation, and groundwater recharge
• Transpiration


  Water vapor is released by plants
• Hydrosphere


  All water bodies (lakes, seas, rivers, oceans) make up the hydrosphere
• Atmosphere


  A layer of gases that surround the Earth
• Geosphere


  Refers to the solid parts of the Earth, such as mountains, all the way to minerals
• Biosphere


  A term used by geographers to describe where all living organisms live
• Most of the worlds tropical rainforests are located in South America, India, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa
• Drainage basin


  An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
• A drainage basin is an open system, unlike the hydrological cycle which is closed
• River basins


  • Have a watershed
  • Rivers have a source, mouth and where two rivers meet a confluence
• River system or channel network


  Comprises a main river and all its contributing tributaries
• Infiltration


  The downward movement of water from the surface into the soil
• Surface runoff


  Water flows across the surface of the earth becoming a stream, tributary or river
• Precipitation


  Rain, hail, sleet or snow which is input to the drainage basin system
• Evapotranspiration


  A combination of water evaporated from land and water surfaces, including vegetation, and water released through plant leaves into the atmosphere
• Throughflow


  Water flows downhill within the soil
• Groundwater flow


  Water flowing slowly through rocks towards the sea
• Percolation


  The downward movement of water from the soil into the rock beneath
• River Severn stretches 220 miles (354 km) and flows into the Severn Estuary, marking the border between Wales and England
• River Thames has a length of 215 miles (346 km), it flows through London and empties into the Thames Estuary
• River Trent covers 185 miles (297 km) and joins the Humber Estuary
• River Wye runs for 155 miles (250 km) and also flows into the Severn Estuary
• River Great Ouse stretches 143 miles (230 km), it drains into The Wash
• Erosion


  A geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water
• Weathering


  The breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on the surface of Earth. Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering
• Metamorphic rocks


  Rocks that have been changed by intense heat or pressure, or by chemical reactions, from their original form
• Metamorphic rocks can change due to extreme weather conditions
• Metamorphic rocks


  • Formed on or near the Earth's surface from the compression of ocean sediments or other processes
• Sedimentary rocks

  Types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation
• Sedimentation


  The collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place
• Sediment


  The particles that form a sedimentary rock, which may be composed of geological detritus (minerals)
• Igneous rocks


  Form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes
• Igneous rocks


  • Develop either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust
  • Originate deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rise toward the surface