Untitled

• "i created the light and the darkness"
• " a land flowing with milk and honey
• "u will be for me a treasure possession"
• shema" the lord is one "
• "worship only one god"
• let justice flow like a river
• the whole world is built on chesed
• be a light to the nation
• the sabbath was made for u not the sabbath for u
• teach the word of god to ur children
• say these words when u wake up and when u go to sleep
• be fruitful and multiply
• Period


  • Medieval / Middle Ages / c. 800-1500
  • Early-modern / c. 1500-1700
  • Industrial / 1700-1900
• Centuries


  • 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th
  • 16th, 17th, 18th
  • 18th, 19th
• Migrant groups


  • Vikings, Normans, Jews, Weavers from Low Countries, Lombardy bankers, Merchants from Hanseatic League
  • Huguenots, Palatines, Jews, Gypsies, Africans, Indians, the Dutch at the Fens
  • Irish Catholics, British migrants from country to city, Jews, Africans, Asians, Germans and Italians
• Events


  • Viking invasion 865, Viking conquest of York 866, Battle of Hastings 1066, Black Death 1348
  • Break with Rome 1534, est. East India Company 1600, English Civil War 1642-1649, Company of Royal Adventurers to Africa 1660
  • Industrial Revolution 1750-1900, 1832 Reform Act, 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act, 1900 British Empire 1/5 of the world
• Reasons for migration


  • Attractive country due to fertile lands, Vikings + Normans wanted power, Jews and other European craftmen invited
  • Government and religion, Economy, global exploration
  • Changes in law, Changes in industry, Changes in transport, Changes in empire
• Vikings- raid from 789. Invade 865due to agriculture, trade with Europe, religion (Odin the God of War). Treaty of Wedmore between King Alfred and Vikings established Danelaw and Wessex. Leader Guthrum baptised as a Christina.
• Normans- Edward the Confessor dies leaving a power vacuum. William of Normandy invades in the Battle of Hastings.
• Jews- invited in 1070 by William to lend monarchy to monarchy.
• European migrants 100 years war in Europe encourages migration from: Weavers from the Low Countries- invited to England so they could produce and weaver wool in England (it was being weaved in Low Countries). Some also worked brickmaking and farming. Lombardy bankers- Pope allowed Christians to pay a fine which therefore allowed them to loan money.
• Black Death wiped out 50% of the population guaranteeing work in England. Wages were high.
• Vikings


  • Created foundations of society, Old Norse language (Woden's Day, Thors Day, Danelaws, egg, cake, smile sister, knife, window), women had equal rights, trial by jury introduced
• Normans


  • England ran by shires with sheriffs, hundreds were areas of shires, castles, destruction of villages, feudal system slavery abolished after the Domesday Book, French language (pork, beef, Robert, William, Richard), forest laws and royal forests, murdrum was a fine imposed on any hundred people if a Norman was killed and murdered not caught
• Jews


  • Lent money for 84 castles + Tower of London + Westminster Abbey, faced huge taxes by King John during war with France due to bankruptcy, during civil war their money was used to buy weapons and supporters, pay ransom for King Richard III who was kidnapped on the way back from the Crusades
• European migrants


  • Turned England from a primary economy (raw materials) to a secondary (manufacturing), The Crown became rich through trade due to tax on imports and exports, main export was woollen cloth, Lombardy bankers financed war with Welsh and castles there, the Hundred Years War and turned London into a financial market due to 'credit' 'debit'
• Case study- York. Road and river network so became rich trading port of merchants attracting skilled craftsmen. York mint created own coins establishing city's important. The Church converted many Vikings there to Christianity and despite conflict with Anglo-Saxon, Vikings continued to live and work there.
• Experiences of migration


  • Danes established trading towns, Normans used violence, Jews were protected then expelled, bankers replaced Jews, weavers developed cloth industry
  • Huguenots were successful, Palatines were forced out as they lacked skill, Jews worked a range of jobs, gypsies forced out, Africans and Indians were servants
  • People moved to towns, Catholics fled famine in Ireland, the abolition of slavery, Britain as a safe place for Europeans, growth of the British Empire, an increase in civil liberties
• Huguenots- invested in Bank of England, huge boost for economy- weaving then steel and paper.
• Jews- not allowed to attend university or practice law but as financiers and merchants. Harts and Franks lived lives of luxury. Many funded monarchy and nobles during wars.
• The Dutch- invited by monarchy to drain the Fens to allow it to be used for farming.
• Culture: language, fashion, history, art: printing press = increase in books. Words- French + Jewish- Andrieu became Andrew, vending, rabbi, synagogue, kosher. History- Vergil wrote history books which influenced Shakespeare. Arts- Hans Holbein painted monarchy e.g. Henry VIII.
• Case study- Flemish Protestants in Sandwich in the 16th century. Flemish Dutch Protestant weavers invited to the town. They were successful. Many of the original migrants became master weavers who produced high quality goods. The Flemish were given the use of St Peter's Church to worship. The Flemish were so successful they began start businesses outside the cloth industry however they were then ordered only to work in the cloth and fishing trades. Many left.
• Case study- Walloons Protestants in Canterbury in the 16th century. The Walloons were Protestants who moved from the Spanish Netherlands 1575. The Walloons were invited and given a monastery; they turned it into a church , school and Weavers' Hall and Markets It became the heart of the community. Just as in Sandwich, the Walloons created a successful cloth and weaving market with. The Walloon community developed new trades such as silk dyeing, refining sugar and diamond cutting which did not previously exist in Canterbury meaning there was less jealousy from the other inhabitants of the city about losing their jobs and businesses to 'strangers'.
• Huguenots- range of skills and expertise, many set up own businesses mostly in weaving but after making soap, vinegar, glass, paper, swords, knives, needles, guns, clocks. Huge contribution to the economy. Based in Spitalfields London- nicknamed 'Weavertown'. Given the Church of Strangers. Strong Protestant work ethic.
• Palatines- no skills. Many desperately poor. Tried to work as farm labourers but English people became angry as they already did this work. 1709- 3,000 sent to Ireland. Hated there for being Protestant. Some tried to make it to America.
• Jews- London authorities gave permission for Bevis Marks synagogue built showing acceptance. Most were merchants and bankers, poorer Jews worked in docks and warehouses. Whilst Jews were more accepted- still forbidden to attend university, work as lawyers, called beggars and thieves.
• Gypsies- persecuted and known as beggars, wandered, vagrants. Some were taken to work in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Many were hung.
• Africans- legal status unclear. They were a part of English society and led lives no different to white people. E.g. Cattelina, single woman living in Bristol and owned a cow. Edward Swarthyre a porter at a manor house ordered to whip white men.
• Indians many picked up casual work at the docks and in ports. Many left to become destitute upon their arrival and abandoned by their English families who had taken them from India. Indian child servants were treated well as seen as exotic symbol statuses.