UCSP - MIDTERMS

• Culture


  Consists of the shared values, customs, and linguistic and communicational systems that can be used to identify a group of people as a whole
• Society


  Group of people that shares territory, interaction, and culture
• Politics


  All about making policy for the government
• Types of Political Change

  • Internal Political Change - changes are suggested by country residents
  • External Political Change - changes happen when it is initiated by other countries
• Dissolution of a Society

  • When the people kill each other through civil revolution
  • When an outside force exterminates the members of the society
  • When an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people and other living things in it
• Enculturation


  Process of learning own culture
• Acculturation


  Process of learning another culture
• Types of Society


  • Hunting & Gathering - they survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants
  • Pastoral - they raised animals to provide milk, fur, and blood for protein
  • Horticultural - they rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants
  • Agricultural - use technological advances to cultivate crops
  • Industrial - use technology and machinery to enable mass production
  • Post-Industrial - spread of computer technology
• Causes of Cultural Change


  • Discovery
  • Invention
  • Diffusion
  • Colonization
  • Rebellion
• Cultural relativism


  The practice that one must understood in the context of their locality
• Types of Cultural Relativism


  • Absolute Cultural Relativism - culture even when considered strange should not be questioned. Ex: Foot binding & Female Genital Mutilation
  • Critical Cultural Relativism - importance to find out why some cultures are practiced so asking questions is fine
• Ethnocentrism


  Seen as the most efficient and superior among the cultures in the world
• Xenocentrism


  Belief that another culture is superior to one's own
• Cultural Variation


  Rich diversity in social patterns that different human group exhibit around the world
• Subculture


  Have a specific and unique set of beliefs and values that set them apart from dominant culture. Examples: emos, hipsters, hippies, punks
• Counter Culture


  A group that actively rejects the dominant cultural values and norms
• High Culture


  A culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society
• Popular Culture


  A culture practiced or patronized by the middle and working classes of the society. Examples: Entertainment (films, music, video games), Sports, Politics, Fashion, Technologies, Slangs
• Types of Symbols


  • Social - Ex: Social Classes, Social Issues/Problems, material possessions, clothing
  • Cultural symbols & practices - Ex: Baro't Saya, Jeepney, Philippine Flag, traditional medical practices (albularyo), religious practices ( Misa de Gallo & Swaying at St. Claire of Obando, Bulacan), Culinary Practices, Child-rearing practices (pagmamano, paggamit ng 'po' at 'opo')
  • Economic symbols & practices - Ex: Philippine Peso, Alkansya, Paluwagan, Lucky Charms, Sideline/Raket
  • Political symbols & practices - Ex: banners, motto, flag, political dynasties, padrino system, Traditional Politicians
• Agents of Socialization


  • Family - the first and the closest contact a child has since they were born
  • Peers - social group of people of the same age group
  • School - develops an individual's knowledge, values, and skills to become productive member of a society
  • Church - socialization in religious organizations are centered on religious belief system
  • Mass Media - brings spreads cultures and knowledge across the world near to an individual
• George Herbert Mead


  Social Self
• Charles Horton Cooley


  Looking Glass Self Theory
• Psychosocial Stages

  • Trust vs. Mistrust - if a child received good care, love, and security, they learn to trust the person
  • Autonomy vs. Doubt - if a child allowed to gain more control over food choices, toy preferences, etc., they will develop autonomy
  • Initiative vs. Guilt - if a child encourage on what they want to do, they develop the initiative
  • Industry vs. Inferiority - if a child encouraged to improve their abilities and received good feedbacks, they we're likely develop a sense of confidence
  • Identity vs. Confusion - if they do not explore the diff. roles, they can remain confuse about their identity
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation - if a person have poor sense of self, he/she tend to have less committed relationship
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation - we feel successful and contributing to the world, if we succeed in building a good and productive life
  • Integrity vs. Despair - Those person who are unsuccessful in this stage will experience many regrets and left with feeling of despair
• Conformity


  Act of following the roles and goals of one's society
• Deviance


  Act of violating the social norms
• ID


  Pleasure and demands gratification
• EGO


  The Decision-Maker
• Preconscious


  Accessible and retrievable information is located
• Conscious


  This level of the mind has the accessible information & memories
• Unconscious


  Inaccessible memories, thoughts, emotions, and feelings
• Conflict Theory

  The way "inequalities" contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power
• Structural Functionalism


  The way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole
• Social Interactionism

  One-to-one interactions and communications
• Social Groups


  Consist of individuals who are united by their similar characteristics
• Social Aggregate

  Individuals gather in the same place but not sharing similar characteristics
• Primary Group


  Direct sources of an individual's social skills and knowledge
• Secondary Group

  More formal in context as the relationship and interactions in this are LIMITED to a particular ROLE
• Reference Group


  Its central aspect is self-identification rather than actual membership
• Out-group

  The group that an individual is not part of
• In-group


  A group whom you belong