social - gender socialisation

• what is a trait nearly all criminals share?

  theyre all male (95.4%)
• what are some statistics on men and women with crime?

  1. 25% of defendants are female with 75% male

  2. TV licence evasion, 36% (female) and 5% (male)
• how is gender identity learned?

  socialisation within a culture

  
  

  male and female behaviour is observed, imitated and reinforced much in the same way Sutherland agrues that criminal behaviour is
• what does Sutherland argue about patterns of socialisation in boys and girls?

  different patterns of socialisation experienced by boys and girls reinforces behaviour that may encourage criminaility in boys, and discourage it in girls, this can be seen through toys, books, tv
• what is the result of boys being encouraged to commit crime and it discoruaged in girls?

  boys will be more liekly to commit crime and be likely for violent outbursts whereas girls will become more nurturing
• how can role models influence gender socialisation?

  social learning theory, Bandura argues that all people, specifically children, learn their behaviour by observing and imitating role models
• why are role models more likely to be observed?

  they're more likely to be observed and imitated if they share characteristics with the observer for example age, gender.

  
  

  children will therefore learn their fathers and girls imitating their mothers
• why are boys more likely to engage in criminal behaviour?

  men have higher T levels than women, and are more likely to display aggression.
• why do women lack criminal opportunities compared to men?

  there is an argument that girls are socialised away from criminal behaviour this is because of how they are swayed, toys/tv/books persuade women into becoming nurturing and caring which can cause them shame, guilt, fear or anxiety if they commit a crime.
• evaluation - why men are arrested more

  men outnumber women in the criminal justice system, due to statistics, however while the higher percentage of male prisoners and criminals is not up for debate, the theory of gender socilisation is.

  
  

  the majority of criminals, may not be all men, women are seen to be criminals too but the judge can be seen as more lienient.
• evaluation - lacks temporal validity

  weakness

  
  

  - its out of date, sutherland proposed this idea in 1949 when the roles of men and women were clearly set, men work and provide, women care and nurture.

  
  

  - however these sterotypes still exist but feminism and a focus on equal rights and opportunities in our culture may mean that the theory of gender socialisation is now out date.
• evaluation - biological differences

  the difference between men and women's crime rate may be due to biology not socialisation.

  
  

  men have higher T which is linked to aggressive behaviour.
• evaluation - chivilary hypothesis

  chivilary hypothesis is a term coined by criminal justice scholars.

  
  

  the hypothesis suggests that women who commit crime are rewarded more lenient sentences than makes who commit crime, this is because women are seen as a caregiver or loving mother.