a&p

• Prefix


  Beginning of a word, in medicine means location & intensity
• Suffix


  End of a word, in medicine means procedure, condition, disease, speech
• Root


  What or where in the body being referred to
• Anatomical Position


  • Arms hanging by side, palms facing frontward, eyes to the front, legs & feet together, toes pointed forward
• Regional Terminology


  • Axial - Head, neck & trunk
  • Appendicular - Limbs
• Axial


  • Head, neck, torso (Thoracic, Abdominal & Pelvic)
• Appendicular


  • Arms & legs (Extremities)
• Cephalic


  • Whole head (Frontal-forehead, Orbital-eye, Buccal-cheek, Oral-mouth, Mental-chin)
• Thoracic


  • Axillary - Armpit, Mammary - Breast, Pectoral-Chest, Sternal-Sternum
• Pelvic


  • Loxall-Hip, Inguinal-Groin
• Upper Extremity


  • Deltoid-Shoulder, Brachoid-upper arm, Antecubital-inner elbow, Antibrachial-inner forearm, Carpal-Wrist, Digits-fingers, Cubit-outer elbow, Manus-whole hand
• Lower Extremity


  • Femoral-thigh, Patella-kneecap, Popliteal - behind knee, Crural-lower leg/calf, Tarsal-ankle, Pes-whole foot
• Back


  • Occipital-back of head, Vertebral-spine, Lumbar-lower back, Sacral-lowest back/hip, Gluteal-buttocks, Perineal - between genitals & anus
• Directional Terminology


  • Always refer to a patient in anatomical position, always patients left & right
• Planes


  • Mid-Sagittal Plane-Line down the middle
  • Para-Sagittal Plane-Line downwards not in middle
  • Transverse Plane-Horizontal line across body
  • Oblique-Diagonal line (left to right)
  • Frontal/Coronal-line down middle from side
• Skull


  • Naturally has sutures, suture in the middle is "sagittal suture" and looks like an arrow, suture across is called Coronal/crown
• Body Cavities


  • Cranial (head)
  • Vertebral (Spine)
  • Thoracic -Lungs & heart
  • Abdominal - Digestive system & Kidneys
  • Pelvic- Reproductive & Renal system

  
• The chemical level involves atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of matter, such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; whereas molecules are two or more atoms that have combined or bonded. Examples of molecules include a sugar molecule and a water molecule
• The cellular level includes cells, which are comprised of atoms and molecules. Cells vary greatly in their structure and function within the human body. Examples of cell types include skeletal muscle cells and red blood cells
• The tissue level includes tissues, which are groups of similarly structured cells that perform like functions. Examples of tissue types include epithelial tissue and muscle tissue
• The organ level consists of organs. Organs are comprised of two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions. Examples of organs include the heart, the liver and the small intestine
• The organ system (or body system) level consists of multiple organs working together to achieve a specific function. Examples of organ (body) systems include the Integumentary System, the Nervous System and the Digestive System
• The organismal level is the highest structural level, comprised of all organ systems functioning to sustain a living being
• Elements used to create humans

  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
• Solution


  The homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent
• Solute


  The material present in the smaller amount in the solution
• Solvent


  The material present in the larger amount in the solution
• Diffusion


  The movement of molecules from high solute concentration to low solute concentration to reach equilibrium
• Factors affecting rate of diffusion

  • Concentration difference, Temperature, Size of particles, Surface area, Distance
• Osmosis


  Helps regulate solvent concentration in and out of cells
• Oxygen 65%, Carbon 18.5%, Hydrogen 10%, Nitrogen 3.2%, Calcium 1.5%, Phosphorous 1%
• Body fluid compartments


  • ICF-Intracellular fluid
  • ECF-Extracellular Fluid (Plasma in blood vessels, Interstitial out of blood vessels)
• Cell membrane


  • Phospholipid bilayer, Phospholipid head is hydrophilic, Phospholipid tail is hydrophobic, Aquaporins allow water to move freely
• pH


  Measure of hydrogen ion concentration, 7 is neutral, <7 is acidic, >7 is basic/alkaline
• Normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45 (slightly alkaline)
• Electrolytes


  Formed when positive and negative ions bond together, Cations have positive charge, Anions have negative charge
• Bicarbonate buffer system


  Regulates pH by converting CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid
• Macromolecules/Biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

  
• Organic molecules


  Contain carbon
• Inorganic molecules


  Do not contain carbon