Anatomy Final

• Chemical reaction


  A process that involves the rearrangement of atoms to produce new substances
• Types of chemical reactions


  • Anabolic (synthesis)
  • Catabolic (decomposition)
  • Redox
• Oxidation

  The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion
• Reduction


  The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion
• Organic molecule


  A molecule that contains carbon-hydrogen bonds
• Acid


  A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
• Base


  A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
• pH scale


  A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution
• Buffer system


  A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added
• Phospholipids


  Lipid molecules that have a polar head and two nonpolar tails
• Plasma membrane structure


  Phospholipid bilayer with the polar heads facing out and the nonpolar tails facing in
• Fluidity


  The ability of the plasma membrane to flow and change shape
• Types of cell junctions


  • Tight junctions
  • Adhering junctions
  • Gap junctions
• Passive transport


  Movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of energy
• Active transport


  Movement of substances across the plasma membrane that requires the use of energy
• Diffusion


  The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis


  The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
• Isotonic solution


  A solution with the same solute concentration as the cell
• Hypertonic solution


  A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell
• Hypotonic solution


  A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell
• Primary active transport


  The direct use of energy (ATP) to move substances across the plasma membrane
• Secondary active transport


  The use of the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of one substance to move another substance against its concentration gradient
• Characteristics of particle movement through the plasma membrane

  • Assisted
  • Not assisted
  • Specific
  • Not specific
  • Saturable
  • Not saturable
• Membrane potential


  The electrical difference in charge across the plasma membrane
• Plasma membrane receptors


  Proteins on the cell surface that bind to specific molecules and trigger a response within the cell
• 1. protein coupled receptors


  Plasma membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins, which act as second messengers to amplify the signal
• Second messengers


  Molecules that relay and amplify signals from plasma membrane receptors to the cell's interior
• Lipid-soluble compounds


  Compounds that can easily pass through the plasma membrane
• Water-soluble compounds


  Compounds that require transport proteins to cross the plasma membrane
• Types of joints


  • Structural
  • Functional
• Types of fibrous joints

  • Suture
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
• Types of cartilaginous joints


  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis
• Synovial joint


  A freely movable joint with a fluid-filled cavity
• Bursae


  Membranous sacs that reduce friction in synovial joints
• Types of joint movements

  • Gliding
  • Angular
  • Rotational
  • Circumduction
• Types of synovial joints


  • Ball-and-socket
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Plane
• Types of muscle


  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
• Sarcomere


  The functional unit of skeletal muscle
• Sliding filament model of muscle contraction


  1. Substrate binding

  2. Transition state facilitation

  3. Catalysis

  4. Release
• Neuromuscular junction


  The site where a motor neuron connects with a muscle fiber