AP Euro unit 2

• 95 Theses


  Document written by Martin Luther in 1517 critiquing the Catholic Church, which ushered in the Protestant Reformation
• Protestant Reformation


  New religious movement that emerged as a result of Martin Luther's critiques of the Catholic Church
• As a result of the Reformation, some nations allowed for religious pluralism while others did not
• The Reformation led to religious wars across Europe, including the Thirty Years' War
• The signing of the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and the idea of universal Christendom within Europe
• The Protestant Reformation led to a 'debate about women' and increased accusations of witchcraft against Protestant women
• The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with its Counter-Reformation
• Key Vocab

  • 95 Theses
  • Protestant Reformation
  • Indulgences
  • Huguenots
  • Thirty Years' War
  • St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
  • Peace of Westphalia
  • Council of Trent
  • Index of Prohibited Books
  • Roman Inquisition
  • Carnival
  • Charivari
  • Mannerism
  • Baroque
• Main Characters

  • Martin Luther
  • John Calvin
  • Catherine de' Medici
  • Henry IV
  • Charles V
  • Artemisia Gentileschi
  • El Greco
• How the Renaissance led to the Protestant Reformation

  1. Promoted humanism

  2. Christian humanism emerged in the Low Countries

  3. Textual analysis of the Bible and early church writings

  4. Calls for reform of the Catholic Church
• Indulgences


  Belief that someone's time in purgatory could be reduced by payment
• Luther believed the practice of selling indulgences was Biblically inaccurate
• Other critiques that motivated Luther to write the 95 Theses


  • Simony
  • Nepotism
  • Ordination of priests
  • Role of the Pope
  • Salvation achieved through works
  • Catholic sacraments outside of baptism and communion
  • Bible only in Latin
  • Confession to a priest
• New Protestant doctrine that differed from Catholic doctrine

  • Priesthood of all believers
  • Salvation by faith alone
  • Calvinist belief in predestination
• Priesthood of all believers

  Luther's argument against the Catholic Church's hierarchical structure, that there was no spiritual divide between clergy and regular believers
• Protestant denominations that formed during or after the Reformation

  • Anglicans
  • Presbyterians
  • Puritans
  • Anabaptists
• Impact of Gutenberg's printing press on the Protestant Reformation

  1. Allowed for quick transmission of printed texts, including Luther's critiques

  2. One quarter of books printed in Germany in the decade after the 95 Theses were written by Luther

  3. Facilitated rise of literacy

  4. Mass production of vernacular Bibles
• Protestant denominations challenged monarchs' control of religious institutions
• Political effects of the Protestant Reformation in England and France

  France allowed for religious pluralism, while England under Henry VIII did not
• Philip II of Spain defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto and sent the Spanish Armada to fight against Queen Elizabeth I
• The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  Led to the outbreak of fighting between Catholics and Huguenots across France
• Politique


  A leader who promotes political stability over religious orthodoxy
• The French Wars of Religion ended when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes, which gave Huguenots freedoms in predominantly Catholic France
• The Thirty Years' War broke out in the Holy Roman Empire/central Europe
• Major western European states that were Catholic and Protestant following the Thirty Years' War


  • Catholic: France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Austria, Ireland
  • Protestant: German states, Prussian states, England, Scotland, Switzerland, the Dutch, Denmark, Norway, Sweden
• Ways the balance of power shifted as a result of the Thirty Years' War

  • Habsburg monarchy lost power and influence
  • Spain lost power
  • Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus gained power
  • Austria and Prussia gained power
  • Switzerland and the Dutch Republic gained independence
  • France became a major military power
• Religious effects of the Peace of Westphalia

  • Calvinism recognized as politically acceptable
  • Rulers allowed to determine faith within their borders
  • Declining power and influence of the Pope
  • Ended the wars of religion and ushered in religious tolerance
• Political effects of the Peace of Westphalia

  • Territorial changes
  • Germany fragmented into many sovereign states
  • Professional armies and militaries created
  • Increased taxes to fund military and rebuilding
  • France became a powerhouse
  • Diplomacy rather than war used to solve conflicts
• Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation

  Intended to reform the Church and return people to Catholicism
• Council of Trent

  Intended to reform errors in the Catholic Church exposed by the Protestant Reformation and reaffirm Catholic doctrine
• Effects of the Council of Trent

  • Roman Inquisition created to eliminate heretics
  • Catholic Church patronized artists and promoted Baroque art
  • Index of Prohibited Books published
• Index of Prohibited Books

  Published to limit false interpretations of scripture and support orthodox Catholic doctrine, to stop the spread of Protestantism
• Luther's advocacy for Christians to read the Bible on their own increased literacy
• Protestant work ethic

  Calvin's belief that wealth was a sign of God's favor and salvation, motivating Protestants to achieve success through hard work and frugality
• How the Reformation raised debates about female education and women's roles

  • In the family: Encouraged marriage and child-rearing

  In the church: Women preached early on but were eventually encouraged to stay in the domestic sphere

  In society: Women remained subordinate to men but had limited rights in divorce
• Changes in cultural and intellectual developments 1517-1648

  • Removal of religious festivals like Carnival

  Increase in literacy and education

  Stricter codes against prostitution
• Continuity in cultural and intellectual developments 1517-1648: Art was promoted and encouraged by religious leaders
• Accusations of witchcraft increased during the 16th century due to beliefs in demonic works, religious conflicts, and targeting of women outside social norms
• Reasons why people in power commissioned art 1400s-1600s


  • To support their power and influence

  As propaganda

  To cultivate their 'larger-than-life' power

  To promote their political authority and cultural strength
• Baroque art


  Highlighted the beauty, drama, and emotion of the Catholic faith to represent 'Heaven on earth', in contrast to Protestant simplicity