AP Euro unit 3

• Absolutism


  Political system where the monarch holds sole political power and is not restricted by laws, a constitution, or other political entities
• Constitutionalism


  Political system where the power of the government and the monarch is limited by a constitution
• Divine right


  The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God and cannot be challenged
• Cottage industry


  A small-scale industry where work is carried out in people's homes or small workshops, rather than in factories
• Bank of England


  The central bank of the United Kingdom
• Triangle trade


  A trading system that involved the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
• Dutch Republic


  A sovereign state that existed from 1588 to 1795, led by stadtholders
• Edict of Fontainebleau


  An edict issued by Louis XIV of France that revoked the Edict of Nantes and led to the persecution of Protestants
• The Fronde


  A series of civil wars in France between 1648-1653 that were aimed at limiting the power of the monarchy
• Partition of Poland


  The division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia, Russia, and Austria, leading to the elimination of Poland as a sovereign state
• Intendants


  Royal officials appointed by the French monarchy to oversee the administration of provinces
• Russian Academy of Sciences


  An institution established by Peter the Great to promote scientific and scholarly activities in Russia
• New political models and ideologies emerged during this time period. While much of Europe, like France and Spain, still remained under absolute monarchies, alternative political systems emerged, like constitutionalism in England.
• In England, Parliamentarians and Loyalists clashed in the English Civil War. In continental Europe, Protestants revolted against the Catholic Habsburg rule, and, in the Low Countries, the Dutch Republic was formed.
• After the Peace of Westphalia, religion declined as a cause for warfare among European states; however, these states still desired a balance of power. This was maintained after the War of Spanish Succession with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
• Eastern European states attempted to exert their power and influence. Poland was partitioned by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, and Peter I of Russia attempted to "westernize" Russia's political and cultural institutions.
• European colonies in the Americas led to continued economic development, including the creation of a market economy and new financial practices. In Europe, the Agricultural Revolution increased the supply of food and other goods.
• English Civil War


  Cavaliers (Loyalists) vs Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
• After Queen Elizabeth I dies


  James VI of Scotland (James I of England) becomes king and attempts to rule by divine right
• Charles I kept trying to raise taxes


  Parliament forced him to sign the Petition of Right, banning him from raising taxes without Parliamentary consent and imprisoning someone without due trial
• Cromwell's "new model army"

  • Leaders promoted on merit rather than heredity, well-trained and disciplined soldiers, common uniform
• Cromwell's policies in England during the Interregnum

  1. Foreign: Crushes Irish uprising, takes Catholic lands, increases mercantilist policies, passes Navigation Acts

  2. Domestic: Strict Puritanical rule
• Charles II's reign


  Reverses some of Cromwell's policies, reopens brothels, allows for religious freedoms, especially for Catholics
• Conflict under James II's reign


  James II wants to return England to Catholicism, Parliament invites William and Mary to rule
• English Bill of Rights


  Document signed in 1689 that placed clear limits on the English monarchy
• Key provisions of the English Bill of Rights


  • Taxation required Parliamentary consent
  • Laws required Parliamentary consent
  • Monarch could not be a Roman Catholic
  • Parliament must hold frequent sessions
  • Parliament cannot be dissolved by the monarch
  • Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment
• Cardinal Richelieu's attempts to limit the power of the nobility in France


  Creation of the intendants system, led to the Fronde rebellions
• Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes and implementation of the Edict of Fontainebleau


  Led to around 200,000 Huguenots fleeing to England, the Dutch Republic, and Protestant German states
• How Colbert economically strengthened France


  • Promoted external trade
  • Abolished internal tariffs
  • Placed high tariffs on imports
  • Encouraged emigration to American colonies
  • Implemented strict mercantilist policies
• The Palace of Versailles


  • Baroque architecture used as propaganda to promote the power and rule of Louis XIV, showed off France's cultural dominance, required nobility to stay at Versailles limiting their power
• Spain's political and economic power decline after Ferdinand and Isabella's reign


  Exiling of middle-class Jews and Muslims, massive influx of silver causing inflation, series of ineffective rulers, fighting in many wars they ultimately lost
• Peter I ("the Great") of Russia


  Wanted to "westernize" Russia to make it able to compete on the world stage
• Peter I's westernization policies


  • Adopted western-style education systems
  • Adopted western fashion and implemented beard tax
  • Expanded and modernized the military
  • Created a navy
  • Used European architectural styles
  • Created the Russian Academy of Sciences
  • Limited the power of the boyars (nobility)
• After the Thirty Years' War, the Hohenzollern family began to inherit more land and possessions within the Holy Roman Empire. It was under the reign of Frederick William I that the Prussian military grew to encompass 80,000 soldiers.
• Balance of power


  States worked together to limit the growing power of one specific state in Europe to promote their own security
• Partition of Poland


  Poland was experiencing political turmoil and was partitioned by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, eliminating the sovereign Polish state until WWI and strengthening those three powers
• Louis XIV's engagement within many wars


  Desired to expand France's borders and make it a global superpower to rival England, led to heavy debts and taxation in France
• Provisions of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht

  • France and Spain not allowed to unite
  • England gained Spanish naval bases, French colonies in the Americas, and the asiento from Spain
  • Austria gained Belgium and Italian provinces
  • The Elector of Brandenburg was recognized as the Prussian king
• New forms of warfare that developed from the military revolution


  • More mobile cavalry
  • Greater reliance on infantry and musketeers
  • Use of mobile cannons
  • More elaborate fortifications
  • More training and supplies for soldiers
• Military revolution


  Encouraged countries to amass and train larger militaries, expanding state power but requiring more funds