AP Euro unit 6

• Industrial Revolution


  Started in Great Britain because of its abundance of coal deposits, iron ore, and natural waterways
• James Watt's steam engine


  Revolutionized transportation, as it allowed for the development of steam ships and railroads, both of which were symbols of industrial progress
• Social classes that developed due to industrialization

  • Proletariat (working class)
  • Bourgeoisie (middle-class)
• Governments responded to challenges faced by industrialization by passing legislation that regulated working hours and wages; ultimately, these laws allowed for a growth in leisure activities, such as sports and the arts
• The post-industrialization European political and social order was challenged by new political parties, some of which fought for universal male suffrage or a redistribution of wealth and resources
• Key vocabulary terms


  • Bessemer Process
  • Zollverein
  • Bourgeoisie
  • Proletariat
  • Nationalism
  • Liberalism
  • Socialism
  • Marxism
  • Conservatism
  • Suffragists
  • Utopian socialists
  • Anarchists
  • Radicalism
  • Factory Act of 1833
  • British Labour Party
  • Decembrist Revolt
  • July Revolution in France
  • 1st wave of industrialization
  • 2nd wave of industrialization
  • Concert of Europe
  • Temperance movement
• Main characters

  • Edmund Burke
  • Josephine Butler
  • Jeremy Bentham
  • Charles Fourier
  • Rosa Luxemburg
  • John Stuart Mill
  • Emmaline Pankhurst
  • Friedrich Engels
  • Alexander II
  • Sergei Witte
  • Krupp Family
  • Chartists
  • Flora Tristan
  • Georges Sorel
• The first item to be mass-produced in Britain was textiles
• Three ways industrialization impacted cities

  1. Rampant urbanization due to enclosure acts

  2. Overcrowding and construction of cheap tenant houses

  3. Pollution leading to sickness and disease, and construction of railroads and transportation
• Two major themes that reformers sought to address as a result of industrialization


  • Working hours
  • Wages
  • Working conditions
• Governmental and parliamentary support of industrialization through the building of railroads and canals contributed to Britain's industrial dominance
• Crystal Palace


  Britain created this masterpiece in order to show off its industrial prowess. It was the first "World Fair," and highlighted technology, artifacts, priceless items, and cultural development from countries, nations, and colonies around the world
• Russia, Italy, and Austria-Hungary lagged in industrial development (south, east, and southeast Europe). France was also slow to industrialize when compared to Germany and the UK
• Factors that contributed to the lag in industrial development in some parts of Europe

  • Lack of governmental sponsorship
  • Lack of resources
  • Lack of adequate transportation
  • Dominance of traditional landed elites
  • Persistence of serfdom
• Second wave of industrialization


  Main source of power was electricity/machinery
• Industrialization promoted population growth, a longer life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality
• New technologies and their improvements on quality of life

  • Bessemer process - Mass-produced steel and reduced costs of production; increased and improved construction
  • Electricity - Mass production, indoor and outdoor lighting, transportation, electro-chemicals, communication
  • Steamboat - Revolutionized water transportation, as it allowed boats to easily travel upstream
  • Telegraph - Rapid increase in local and global communications, which led to interconnection and globalization
  • Refrigerated rail cars - Could more easily preserve food and ship food locally and internationally; led to rise in railroads
• Consumerism


  Increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution due to regulated working hours and wages, and mass-production of goods decreasing prices
• Prussia's use of industrialization


  Facilitated a free trade zone among German states through the Prussian-led Zollverein, which led to later political unification
• Negative consequences of urbanization due to industrialization

  • Increase in pollution
  • Child labor
  • Bad working conditions
  • Bad living conditions
  • Lack of proper sewage
  • Cramped housing
  • Spread of disease
  • Crime
  • Reduced life expectancy
• Governmental legislation designed to address negative consequences of industrialization


  • Factory Act of 1833
  • Mines Act of 1842
  • Ten Hours Act of 1847
  • Public Health Act of 1848
• Per capita GDP increased in industrialized areas, which means that the average income per person rose, and people began to have more money
• New leisure time activities that developed as a result of industrialization


  • Parks
  • Sports clubs
  • Stores
  • Museums
  • Theaters
  • Opera houses
  • Pubs
• Cult of domesticity


  Arose as men made higher wages and laws were passed against women and child labor, placing women as central caretakers of the home
• Concert of Europe


  Also called the Congress System, relied on the adherence to conservatism and the traditional status quo
• Metternich and other conservatives


  Sought to maintain the status quo in the mid-1800s to keep the peace and prevent war, relying on traditional methods of power like monarchy and the Catholic Church
• Conservatives sought to maintain political order through suppressing nationalist and liberal revolutions and relying on or strengthening their relationship with long-standing religious authorities
• Rebellion and revolutions in the mid-1800s


  Emerged due to discontent with the traditional status quo, increased wealth inequality, and the spread of enlightenment ideals
• Contradictory to Metternich's attempt at the Congress System, rebellions such as the Decembrist Revolt in Russia and revolutions such as the July Revolution in France sought to destroy the rise of conservatism
• Similarities between two early-19th century political revolts


  • Rebelling against the monarchy
  • Economic strife being a cause
  • Fighting for political sovereignty
• Differences in results between two early-19th century political revolts


  • Unsuccessful in establishing a new government versus gaining independence
  • Strength or swiftness of governmental response
• Ways Russia sought to reform and modernize in the 1800s


  • Finance Minister Sergei Witte pushed for industrialization
  • Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom and eased restrictions on education
• Emerging ideologies ("isms")


  • Liberalism - Emphasized popular sovereignty and individual rights, but were not united on which groups of people should participate in the government
  • Socialism - Fought for a redistribution of resources and wealth; critiqued the prevailing economic system of capitalism
  • Marxism - "The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles" (Communist Manifesto)
  • Anarchism - Believed that all forms of government were unnecessary
• In Britain, radicals called the Chartists fought for universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to property ownership
• Things that feminists fought for in the 1800s

  • Voting rights
  • Legal rights
  • Economic independence
  • Improved working conditions
  • Child safety laws
• Temperance movement


  Emerged as women, often motivated by religious beliefs, pushed to limit or ban the sale of alcohol due to concerns about social problems and safety
• Political cartoon critique


  The working class supports the rest of the social pyramid - the business class, the military, church officials, and the king. Everyone benefits off of the labor of the working class, even though they are treated poorly and do not make as much money compared to the other classes
• How the cartoon critique led to social and economic reform

  Workers established labor unions, which eventually became political parties, to gain more rights and economic independence
• Mass-based political parties, such as the Social Democratic Party in Germany and the Labour Party in Britain, emerged to reform social, economic, and political issues
• How reformers responded to the problems of industrialization

  • Sunday School movement - Religious institutions created programs to educate and support youth in poverty
  • Pankhurst family - The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) took sometimes violent action in order for women to gain the right to vote
  • Abolitionist movement - Religious groups fought to end slavery in England's colonies