AP Euro unit 7

• Nationalism


  People became loyal to a nation, not a person/king/monarch
• Nationalism


  • Some nationalists desired unification, others desired independence
• Nationalism


  • Germans and Italians desired unification
  • Subject nations (Hungarians) within Austro-Hungarian Empire desired independence
• Jews met the most anti-Semitism and resistance in Eastern Europe, Poland, and France during the Dreyfus Affair
• Dreyfus Affair


  Alfred Dreyfus, a French Jewish man, was convicted of selling military secrets to the German government, and was sent to prison, leading to the rise of anti-Semitism in France
• Theodor Herzl


  Advocated for Zionism, or Jewish nationalism, during a time when anti-Semitism was increasing in Europe
• Crimean War


  Russia had expanded its territory in Eastern Europe, posing a threat to the Ottoman Empire. The war broke out due to conflict over the rights of minority Christian groups within the Ottoman Empire, and involved Britain and France seeking to limit Russia's growing power
• Austria's nonparticipation in the Crimean War

  Led to its increasing isolation, as it was shunned by Britain and France and Russia. Their lack of involvement paved the way for Italian and German unification, as they lost part of their land to those unification movements
• Russia's loss in the Crimean War


  Exposed their lack of industrialization and technological advancement, as well as their weak economic systems, compared to the contemporary western European states, leading to Alexander II's successful push for reforms
• Risorgimento


  Unification of Italy, achieved through Cavour's diplomatic strategies and Garibaldi's military efforts
• Realpolitik


  Cunning and sometimes questionable actions used by Bismarck to prompt other countries into conflict that he knew he would win due to his military strength
• Bismarck fought three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France in order to unify Germanic-speaking peoples
• Nationalist tensions in the Balkans in the late-19th century


  The Ottoman Empire was experiencing conflict under Sultan Abdulhamid II, and nationalist groups in the Balkans, like the Greeks, Serbs, and Bosniaks, began fighting for more freedoms and for political independence
• Charles Darwin's "survival of the fittest" theory

  Organisms that are best suited to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing
• Darwin's theories


  Paved the way for Herbert Spencer's new racialist theory of Social Darwinism, which justified racism and imperialism
• Positivism


  The belief that only scientific knowledge is definitive - that science alone provides knowledge
• Relativism, the belief that there is no absolute truth, posed a loss in confidence in the objectivity of knowledge as people have different opinions about truth and knowledge
• With the shift toward relativism, philosophers like Freud began to articulate the importance of the subconscious and unconscious human behavior
• Positivism


  According to Comte, the belief that only scientific knowledge is definitive - that science alone provides knowledge
• Relativism


  The belief that there is no absolute truth. Cultural relativism states that no culture can assert that its beliefs are superior to another culture's beliefs
• As people have different opinions about truth and knowledge, the traditionally-held view of the Newtonian universe began to break down
• New irrational philosophies


  Philosophers like Freud began to articulate the importance of the subconscious and unconscious human behavior. The world was changing rapidly and could no longer be viewed in an orderly and organized way
• Scientific thought that challenged the Newtonian view of physics


  • Max Planck's quantum theory
  • Marie Curie and radioactivity
  • Einstein's theory of relativity
• According to this map, Britain controlled land in North America, Africa, Oceania, and, most notably, India, while France controlled lands in South America, Africa, and Vietnam in Southeast Asia
• Comparison of "old imperialism" and "new imperialism"

  • Geographic focus
  • Leading states involved
  • Primary motivations and causes
  • Technology utilized
• "The White Man's Burden"


  This poem posited that it was the duty of the civilized, white race to bring non-white, inferior peoples to civilization. This combined with Social Darwinism to foster racist ideologies that further motivated and supported imperial efforts
• Technological advances that enabled new imperialism


  • Advances like the steam engine allowed boats to travel easily upriver
  • Advanced weaponry like the Maxim gun and the machine gun allowed Europeans to quickly conquer civilizations that did not have access to the same technology
• Positive benefits of imperialism for Europeans

  • New lands
  • New territories
  • More resources
  • More markets
  • Huge influx of wealth which contributed to massive economic booms
  • Increase in nationalism
• Negative consequences of imperialism for imperialized areas


  • Removal of resources, land, territory
  • Fighting
  • Lasting conflict due to arbitrary boundary lines
  • Forced labor and slavery
  • Cultures were taken away as European culture was imposed
• Leopold II of Belgium desired to have a colony, as his country was small and surrounded by larger, stronger states in Europe. With industrialized weaponry and steamships, Leopold eventually claimed the Congo as his personal land; in order to prevent conflict with European states over territory in Africa, he called for the Berlin Conference
• Europeans neglected the ethnic and linguistic groups and the contemporary civilizations that existed in Africa when they drew their border lines
• Ways that people such as Hobson or Lenin critiqued imperialism


  • Both posited that imperialism was driven by the accumulation of capital
  • Lenin took this a step further and said that imperialism showed the crisis of capitalism - that, when only a few own the majority of the wealth, exploitation of others grows
• The Treaty of Nanking, which followed the Opium Wars in 1842, and the US's Open Door Policy in 1899 both encouraged trading benefits for Western power. Due to the encroaching political influence and economic takeover through unequal treaties, the Chinese revolted. This was a peasant-led uprising aimed at removing foreign influence and control from China
• Dignitaries in Japan


  1877
• Ways in which imperialism in Africa and Asia intensified European rivalries


  • Britain and Russia over Persian lands
  • Germany and France in Morocco
  • Fashoda crisis between France and Britain in Egypt
• Romantic values


  The Romantic movement focuses on emotion, intuition, and feeling, and is a rejection of the Enlightenment and industrialization
• Turner's works


  A Romantic painter, Turner focuses on situating his paintings within a landscape or in the environment. This particular painting highlights the smog and pollution created by railroads, critiquing industrialization's impact on the environment
• Realist writers


  They are depicting real life - lives of ordinary people doing ordinary things. In Zola's case, he utilized his skills to draw attention to social problems, such as his newspaper article "J'Accuse!" which was about the Dreyfus Affair
• Modern art


  Became more subjective and abstract
• Impressionist ideals


  Impressionists focus on small, simple, unblended brushstrokes, and often paint scenes from the outdoors. They often depict ordinary people in outdoor scenes. Color is often light, and the scenes are often bright and airy