AP Euro unit 8

• Militarism


  The maintaining and building up of a strong military
• Alliances


  A system by which countries politically align themselves with other countries
• Imperialism


  Empire-building; extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force
• Nationalism


  Pride in one's country, and the desire for political independence from an empire
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand


  The heir to the Austrian throne was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist group (the Black Hand) in Sarajevo
• This turned a regional dispute in the Balkans into a global conflict due to the entangling alliance system
• In the Western Front, German forces tried to neutralize France via the Schlieffen Plan; in the Eastern Front, Germany experienced quick successes until the 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Trench warfare


  Forward advancement was not easily possible; people stayed in the trenches and attempted to "go over the top," which led to massive suffering and casualties
• New technologies that impacted fighting styles in World War I


  • Machine gun
  • Barbed wire
  • Submarine
  • Airplane
  • Poison gas
  • Tank
• Total war


  The home front was actively involved in the war effort through rationing and active monetary support to the government
• Propaganda in World War I


  Utilized to mobilize the war effort, encourage rationing, create a common enemy, unite people together, and give money to the government
• Protests on the home front emerged as the war continued due to the military stalemate, massive death tolls, and national mobilization and total war leading to insurrection within countries against the war effort
• Non-European theaters impacted by World War I

  • Colonies in Africa and Asia
• After the end of World War I, Austria-Hungary separated into independent nations, the United States became a global superpower, and lands in the former Ottoman Empire were broken up via the League of Nations' Mandate System
• How World War I led to the emergence of the US as a global superpower


  The US was involved in the war but did not face the same consequences, as it was not fought on US soil. The US was part of the Allied Powers, strengthening its alliances. The US built up its military as a result of the war.
• Long-term factors that led to the Russian Revolution in 1917


  • History of serfdom and poor treatment of peasants; class consciousness arises with university students after Alexander II abolished serfdom; Alexander II's and Sergei Witte's push for industrialization led to mobilization and strikes
• Short-term factors that led to the Russian Revolution in 1917


  • Food shortages; governmental corruption with Tsar Nicholas II dissolving the Duma; loss in the Russo-Japanese War; Russia's involvement and devastating loss in World War I
• After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne, a weak Provisional Government led by Alexander Keresnky assumed control in Russia
• Effects of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk


  Officially ends Russia's involvement in World War I; Russia lost a quarter of its territory in eastern Europe, and had to cede Poland and the Baltic States to Germany and Austria-Hungary
• Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin successfully overthrew the provisional government, which began a civil war in Russia between his Red Army and the White Army, composed of foreign opponents
• Symbolism of the Soviet Union's emblem


  The hammer and sickle represent the industrial and agricultural working class - the industrial and peasant workers - to signify proletarian solidarity
• How the rights and roles of different groups changed under the creation of the Soviet Union


  • Women's rights: According to the Soviet Constitution, women were supposed to be equal to men, and many entered the workforce
  • Economics: Ended Lenin's NEP, and Stalin's massive reforms led the USSR to become a global power by 1940
  • Industry and agriculture: Five Year Plans for industry and collectivization of agriculture led to rapid development, but not always quality growth
• Why Britain and France wanted to punish Germany during the Versailles Peace Conference


  The majority of the war existed around Germany's borders, and they believed Germany contributed to the start of the war. Germany's industrialized warfare was atrocious for the Allied Powers.
• In order to usher in peace after World War I, US President Woodrow Wilson articulated the need for a League of Nations when he delivered his Fourteen Points to Congress
• Reason why the League of Nations failed

  The United States failed to become a part of the League of Nations, and its nonparticipation led to the weakening of the alliance
• Provisions that Germany had to accept from the Treaty of Versailles


  • War-guilt clause
  • Reparations
  • Demilitarization
  • Loss of territory
• Critique of the Treaty of Versailles presented in the American political cartoon

  The cartoonist argues that the Treaty of Versailles and its provisions - its harsh treatment toward Germany - led directly to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis
• Countries impacted by the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire


  • Austria
  • Hungary
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Romania
  • Poland
  • Rumania (Romania)
  • Yugoslavia
  • Italy
• Similarity between the mandate system after World War I and the European partition of Africa in the Berlin Conference


  This was the legal process of transferring colonies from one country to another country. Former Ottoman Empire lands were divided up for their resources - mainly oil - and indigenous language and ethnic groups were not considered in the division, just like in Africa.
• Economic causes that led to the Great Depression in Europe

  • The US Stock Market crashed, and because global economies were intertwined (US banks recalled their loans from European banks), it negatively impacted Europe. Global trade stopped, and protective tariffs were raised by countries, exacerbating the crisis.
• New economic theory that emerged during the interwar years


  Keynesian economics in Britain; government intervention is needed to bring an economy out of a depression; social action in Scandinavia; socialist political parties like the Popular Front in France
• How the economic crisis undermined newly-formed democracies in Europe

  In this time of economic crisis, Europeans turned to strong, charismatic leaders, who promised to bring people out of the depression. Newly formed democracies struggled to retain power during this crisis, and were ultimately weakened by extremist movements.
• Fascism


  Ultranationalist political ideology that is led by one charismatic leader. Often includes a glorification of war, suppression and control of the media including propaganda, and often highlights one particular racial or ethnic group.
• Impact of Western democracies' inaction in the Spanish Civil War

  The fact that Western democracies did not intervene in the Spanish Civil War encouraged and motivated Hitler and Mussolini to mobilize and gain power and traction.
• Significance of Joseph Goebbels in Hitler's rise to power


  Hitler's Reich Minister of Propaganda, Goebbels was responsible for cultivating a favorable view of the Nazis and curating Hitler's cult of personality through his propaganda campaign.
• Fascism


  Ultranationalist political ideology that is led by one charismatic leader. Often includes a glorification of war, suppression and control of the media including propaganda, and often highlights one particular racial or ethnic group
• Western democracies' inaction in the Spanish Civil War


  Encouraged and motivated Hitler and Mussolini to mobilize and gain power and traction
• Joseph Goebbels


  Hitler's Reich Minister of Propaganda, responsible for cultivating a favorable view of the Nazis and curating Hitler's cult of personality through his propaganda campaigns
• Stalin's policies after Lenin's death

  1. Collectivization of agriculture

  2. Five Year Plans
• Stalin's "Great Terror"


  Imprisonment, murder, and execution of anyone who challenged his authoritarian rule, including the Old Bolsheviks, people in the army, and intellectuals. He had a secret police and sent people who spoke out against him to gulags