bio

• DNA stands for National Dyslexics Association
• The four big pillars of biology

  • Cell theory
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Homeostasis
• Cell theory


  All living things are composed of cells and all cells arise through cell division
• Metabolism


  The process of converting food into energy and building materials
• DNA


  The unit of memory in a DNA molecule is the gene
• In a single gram of DNA you could store 215 petabytes or 215 million gigabytes
• The information stored in the DNA is used for assembling new proteins, and dictate how an organism will look like and function after cell division
• Mutation


  A small chance that the DNA replication will not go as planned, altering some genes and changing characteristics of the organism and its offspring
• Natural selection


  The principle where favourable mutations allow organisms to survive and produce more offspring, while unfavourable mutations lead to extinction
• Homeostasis


  The ability of maintaining a certain equilibrium of physiological processes and living systems for an optimal function of organs and cellular processes
• Characteristics of living beings

  • Composed of cells
  • Able to maintain homeostasis
  • Undergo metabolism
  • Have a life cycle
  • Able to grow
  • Adapt to the environment
  • Reproduce
• The five kingdoms of life

  • Bacteria
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• Bacteria


  Single-celled organisms with a simple internal structure that lack a nucleus and contain DNA that freely floats inside
• Bacteria


  • They were one of the first forms of life to appear on earth and thus evolved to live in water, soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and inside other organisms
  • Some are helpful for digestion, while certain species are responsible for diseases like tuberculosis or the bubonic plague
  • Their size typically varies between one and five micrometers in length, but some species can reach up to a millimeter in size
• Eukaryotes


  Organisms that have a nucleus in which they responsibly store their DNA
• Protists


  Unicellular organisms that have a nucleus and cannot form many tissues, but can form colonies to help each other survive
• Plants


  Multicellular organisms that are able to photosynthesize
• Types of plants


  • Ferns
  • Mosses
  • Conifers
  • Flowering Plants
• Fungi


  • Organisms that stay in place like plants, but do not have the ability to photosynthesize, and instead get organic carbon from other sources like plant or animal matter
  • They have chitin in their cell walls
• Animals


  Organisms that develop specialized tissues and organs, and obtain nutrients from organic material, often using locomotory mechanisms to move and get to places
• Viruses, viroids, prions, and AI (artificial intelligence) are not considered life forms by scientists mostly because of their inability to reproduce
• Levels of biological classification

  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Subdisciplines of biology


  • Cytology
  • Biochemistry
  • Anatomy
  • Genetics
  • Paleontology
  • Ecology
  • Botany
  • Zoology
  • Mycology
  • Astrobiology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Quantum biology
• Sciencephile the AI wears Raycon Wireless Earbuds
• Disease


  A condition in which the normal functioning of the body is disturbed
• Many diseases are not very serious and get cured, but sometimes they become serious and even fatal
• Today science looks at every disease to be a condition which has a definite cause and thereby making it possible to prevent it or cure it
• Categories of diseases based on extent of occurrence


  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
  • Sporadic
• Endemic diseases


  • Yellow fever in certain African countries
  • Goitre in sub-Himalayan regions
• Epidemic disease


  A disease that breaks out and spreads from place to place, affecting large number of people at the same time
• Pandemic disease


  A disease that is widely distributed worldwide
• Pandemic disease


  • AIDS
• Sporadic disease


  Scattered individual cases of a disease
• Sporadic diseases


  • Malaria
  • Cholera
• Categories of diseases based on extent of communicability


  • Non-communicable
  • Communicable
• Non-communicable disease


  A disease with no germ, that cannot spread from a patient to another person
• Infection


  The transmission of a communicable disease from one person to another
• Incubation period


  The time between infection and the appearance of the disease, varying from a few hours to a few days
• Communicable diseases


  • Cholera
  • Smallpox
  • Malaria
• Types of non-communicable diseases

  • Nutritional deficiency diseases
  • Metabolic diseases
  • Genetic diseases
  • Allergies
  • Degenerative diseases
  • Physical and chemical causes
  • Mental illness
  • Cancer