AO1

• Define capacity

  Amount of info that can be stored in memory
• Define coding

  Way information is modified so it can be stored in the different memory stores
• Define duration

  Measure of how long a memory can be stored for until its no longer available
• Describe Peterson and Peterson's study


  STM (duration) - consonant triad and and a three digit number, participants count down in threes from their three digit number during a retention period
• Describe Baddeley's study


  LTM/STM (coding) - semantically similar/different and accoustaiclly similar/different; LTM is encoded semantically and STM acoustically
• Define proactive interference

  Past learning interferese with attempts to learn something new
• Define retroactive interference

  Current attempts at learning interfere with recollection of past learning
• Describe Goodwin's study


  Researched state dependent forgetting, participants learnt words drunk/sober; reall words best was where they were drunk/sober both encoding and recall
• Explain the case of HM


  Scoville and Milner - his hippocampus was remved to treat his epilepsy, unable to form new LTMS but could form STMS
• List the components of the cognitive interview

  • Mental reinstatement of the event - contextual and emotional cues
  • Report everything - even irrelevant as it can cause a trigger of other memories
  • Change order - dont remove schema
  • Change perspective - done to remove schemas
• Describe Johnson and Scott's study on the effcts of anxiety on the accuracy of EWT


  Participants heard and argument and then saw a man run past holding a grease covered pen (low anxiety) and knife covered pen (high anxiety).

  • Low anxiety - 49%
  • High anxiety - 33%
• List two types of declarative memory

  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
• Define procedural memory

  Knowing how to do things
• Who conducted research on the effcts of misleading iinformation on EWT

  Loftus and Palmer
• Describe rsearch related to retrieval failure

  Tulving and Pearlstone gave participants a list of 48 words from 12 different categories

  • Without retrieval cues: 40%
  • With retrieval cue: 60%
• Define cues in regards to memory

  Things that trigger a memory
• Define semantic memory

  Knowledge and facts
• Define episodic memory

  Knowledge of life events
• What are the three stores of the MSM

  • Sensory register
  • STM
  • LTM
• What are the three types of long term memory?

  • Semantic
  • Procedural
  • Episodic
• What is the WMM made up of?

  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
• Descibe the phonological loop

  Processes auditory info and allows for maintenance rehearsal by being made up of articulary process and the phonological loop
• Descibe the central executive

  'Attentional process' with a very limited processing capacity and whose role is to allocate tasks to the 3 slave systems
• Describe the visuo-spatail sketchpad:

  Combines the visual and spatail info processed by other stores to give a complete picture. Divided into the inner scribe and visual cache, capcity of the VSS is 4-5 chunks
• Describe the episodic buffer

  Integrates all typoes of data processed by the other stores and is the storage compoenent of the central executive, critical in linkin STM to LTM
• Glanzer and Cunitz - MSM


  
  

  • Primacy/Recency effect suggests that the first few words on a list are most commonly recalled due to their rehearsed nature, while the last few words are still in the STM due to their shorter duration.
• Squire et al - MSM


  Brain scans reveal STM and LTM are distinct parts of the brain, indicating they are separate stores. Severe amnesia may result in loss of LTM but retained STM, confirming this.
• Shallice and Warringation - MSM


  • Reported the case of a man named KF who had been in a motorcycle accident
  • KF had severe damage to his STM whilst his LTM remained intact
  • This again indicates that there are two separate store
• Limitations to the MSM

  • Low mundane realism - highly artifical test
  • Low ecological validity - lab settings
  • Capacity of STM can be altered - suggests the view of a fixed STM capacity is incorrect
• Limitations to the MSM:

  • Tulving: there are different types of LTM - sees LTM as a single unitary store
  • Craik and Watkins: type of rehearsal not amount
  • Shallice and Warrington - (KF) not a single unitaryu store
• STM AO3:


  • Trace decay - spanenous if no rehearsal
  • Retroactive interference - new info affects of previous info stored
  • Lack of consolidation - head injury prevents memory traces being stored
  • Insufficient levels of processing - prociessing info as a shallow event prevents storage
  • Brain damage - variety of effets
• LTM AO3:


  • Trace decay - if you do nothing between initial learning and retention interval the info is lost
  • Retroactive interference - new info interferes with old
  • Lack of retriveval cues - cue dependent forgetting occurs due to lack of accessibility memory pop up with cue
  • Context dependency - may need some context to remember
  • State depdency - may need to be in same emotional state to remeber
  • Repression - defense mecahism to protect self
  • Brain damage