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• Kinship


  Relationship or affinity
• Kinship by Blood

  • Unilineal
  • Matrilineal
  • Patrilineal
  • Bilateral
• Unilineal


  Descent through either the maternal or paternal line only
• Matrilineal


  Descent through the female line
• Patrilineal


  Descent through the male line
• Bilateral


  Descent through both the mother and father
• Lineal


  Having a direct family relationship or affinity
• Monogamy


  Being married to one (1) spouse
• Polygamy


  The practice of having more than one (1) spouse
• Types of Household


  • One-person
  • Multi-person
• One-person household


  An arrangement in which one (1) person makes provision for his/her own food or other essentials for living without combining with any other person
• Multi-person household


  A group of two (2) or more persons living together who make common provision for food or other essentials for living
• Family


  Members of the household who are related, to a specified degree, through blood, adoption or marriage
• Family consists of at least two (2) members
• Members of a family must be related
• Family cannot comprise more than one (1) household
• Household


  May consist of only one (1) person, members need not be related to each other, can contain more than one (1) family or one (1) or more families together with one (1) or more non-related persons, or it can consist entirely of non-related persons
• Types of Political Organization


  • Bands
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdoms
• Bands


  Most often found in foraging societies, associated with low population densities, distribution systems based on reciprocity, and egalitarian social relations
• Tribes


  Found among horticulturists and pastoralists societies, have larger and more sedentary populations, lack centralized political leadership, and egalitarian in nature
• Chiefdoms


  Involve a more formal and permanent political structure, political authority rests with individuals, and rely on feasting and tribute
• Kinship

  Social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society
• Types of Kinship


  • Kinship by Blood
  • Kinship by Marriage
  • Kinship by Rituals
• Kinship by Blood (Consanguineal kinship)


  • Relationship achieved by birth or blood affinity
  • Descent refers to biological relationship
  • Lineage refers to line where one's descent is traced
  • Patrilineal form of descent
  • Matrilineal form of descent
  • Bilateral form of descent
• Kinship by Marriage (Affinal kinship)

  • Endogamy - compulsory marriage
  • Exogamy - out-marriage
  • Monogamy - one male/female partner
  • Polygamy - more than one partner
  • Polygyny - man has multiple female partners
  • Polyandry - woman has multiple male partners
  • Patrilocal - married couple stays with husband's relatives
  • Matrilocal - married couple stays with wife's relatives
  • Biolocal - alternating between husband's and wife's relatives
  • Arranged marriage
  • Referred marriage
• Kinship by Rituals (Compadrazgo)


  • Ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family
• The Family


  Basic unit of social organization, made up of individuals linked by marriage, blood, or adoption
• Types of Families


  • Nuclear family
  • Extended family
  • Blended family
• Types of Households


  • Nuclear Household
  • Extended Household
  • Reconstituted Families
  • Matrifocal Residence
  • Transnational Families
• Political Organization


  • Bands - several families living together
  • Tribes - acephalous political system
  • Chiefdom - formal leadership, authority rests on select family
  • Simple chiefdom - single village/community
  • Complex chiefdom - several simple chiefdoms
  • Nation - people sharing common history, language, traditions
• Legitimacy


  Moral and ethical concept that bestows the right to exercise power
• Authority


  Power to make binding decisions and issue commands
• Types of Authority


  • Traditional authority
  • Charismatic authority
  • Rational-legal or bureaucratic authority
• Traditional Authority


  • Legitimacy derived from customs, habits, and social structures
  • Power passed down, often through heredity
  • Does not change over time, perpetuates status quo
• Charismatic Authority


  • Legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual
  • Seen as a 'gift of grace' or possession of 'gravitas'
  • Authority derived from a higher power
• Rational-legal or Bureaucratic Authority


  • Legitimacy drawn from formal rules promulgated by the state
  • Power resides in legally enacted rules and regulations, not individuals
  • People lose authority when they no longer occupy positions of power