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• Global Duck Industry Trend

  • Increasing since year 2000
  • Asia: 83.8% of global production
  • China (80% regional; 60% global)
  • Vietnam, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, India
  • Europe: France
  • Africa: Egypt (major producer)
  • Australia almost doubled production
  • Americas (slightly larger than Africa)
  • USA (largest)

  
• Challenges & Opportunities


  • High cost of production
  • Lack of good stocks (seho and dumalaga)
  • Variation in product prices & QC
  • Lack of appropriate equipment & housing facilities
  • Lack of research and technical animal health assistance
• Mallard (itik) and Muscovy (bibi or pato)

  • Order: Anseriformes
  • Family: Anatidae
  • Subfamily: Anatinae
  • Tribe: Anatini (Mallard) vs Cairinini (Muscovy)
  • Genus & Species: A. platyrhynchos vs C. moschata
• Breeds & Varieties


  • Pekin
  • Khaki campbell
  • Indian Runner
  • Tsaiya
  • Local breeds
• Mallard


  • No caruncles
  • Drake feathers present
  • Males 20% bigger
  • Quack/Hiss sound
  • 28 days incubation period

  
• Muscovy


  • Caruncles present
  • No drake feathers
  • Males 2X size
  • Hiss sound
  • 34-36 days incubation period
• Meat Breeds


  • Pekin: White feathers and yellow skin (orange bill and legs)
  • Muscovy: White winged black, blue, white and pure white (yellow legs with yellow and black bill)
• Meat Hybrids


  • Mullard (pate de fois): Progeny of Muscovy X Mallard
  • Mullards: Muscovy (drake) X Pekin (duck)
  • Mules (sterile): 3 way cross between Pekin (drake) X Tsaiya (duck) = KAIYA (duck) X Muscovy (drake)
• Meat Breeds


  • Laguna Ducks: Pekin (drake) X Phil. Mallard (duck) = F1 (duck) X Muscovy (drake)
  • Others: Rouen, White Table duck
• Egg Breeds


  • Khaki Campbell: Cross of Rouen & Indian Runner, >300 eggs per year (White eggs)
  • Indian Runner: Fawn & white, black, chocolate color, Can't fly and non-broody
• Egg Hybrids


  • Gold star (commercial breed): High egg production, calm temperament
  • CV-2000 (from England): Hybrid egg type with good meat production
• Philippine Mallard Duck (Pateros duck)


  • Original: Black with white bib
  • Pateros type: black
  • Khaki type: brown
  • Drakes: 1.5-1.75 kg
  • Duck: 1.25-1.5 kg
  • Egg weight: 65-70g
  • 200-270 eggs per year

  
• Traditional vs Complete Confinement

  • Traditional: Palay (rice grain), shrimp, snail diet, Egg production: 40-60%, Mortality: 10-40%
  • Complete Confinement: Commercial diet, Egg production: 65-75%, Mortality: 10-20%
• IP (Itik Pinas) Breeds

  • IP Itim - 257 eggs/year starting at 23 wks; Black with white markings, green bill for M & black for F (F: 1.3 kg; M: 1.3 kg at 18 wks)
  • IP Kayumanggi - cross of black & khaki; proposed to make balut & salted eggs (starts laying at 2o weeks, 255 egg/ yr). Color sexing: M (dark) F (light)
  • IP Khaki (brown) - Brown with no markings (M:darker colored head green bill and orange shanks; F: uniform light brown); 22 weeks starts sexual maturity; 256 eggs/yr
• Housing & Management Considerations

  • Drainage
  • Ventilation
  • Market access
  • Feeds and water access
  • Electricity
• Housing Layout


  • Movement of workers
  • Rectangle
  • More space for feeder and waterers
  • East-West Orientation
  • Oblique
  • Northeast-southwest
  • Southeast-northwest
• Duck House Fixtures


  • Feeders: movable or fixed items (accessible), 15cm (height) X 30cm (width) X 150-180cm (length), concrete, wood, GI sheet
  • Drinkers: well designed to keep litter dry, near feeder or automatic (Nipple), 15:100 (growers), 20:100 (layer/developer ducks), basin, wooden trough, old tires, automatic
  • Nests: Box type cubicle, 60x90cm (2x3 ft), 30 cm (1ft) high, located at the side (quiet and dark area)
  • Ponds: aquatic birds that loves to wade or swim, may serve as drinker

  
• Housing Types


  • Traditional system: Ducklings in litter type house, Sand + Litter (rice hull or straw), Brooding, Brooder guard, 100-watt bulb/100 ducklings
  • Herding system (semi-confinement): Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija
  • Pasture system: Use of idle fields after harvest, Grower house (night), Field or Pasture (whole day), feed on snail, worms, grasses, grains, weeds, insects
  • Confinement system: Slat-litter floor combination, Rectangle shape with slatted bamboo floor, Height of house: 9.14 meters, Elevated ramp, Feeders and waterers
• Space Requirement


  • Brooding: 1-2 sq ft/duck, 1-2 linear inch/duck feeder, 0.5-1 linear inch/duck drinker
  • Rearing: 2-2.5 sq ft/duck, 2-3 linear inch/duck feeder, 1-1.5 linear inch/duck drinker
  • Laying: 2.5-3 sq ft/duck, 3-4 linear inch/duck feeder, 1.5-2 linear inch/duck drinker

  
• Brooding Temperature
• Layer House


  • Floor space: 0.23 sq. meter per duck, 10x5 m or 8x6 m, 50 square meters/200 ducks
  • Roof: GI sheet or pawid
  • Floor: Slatted-litter, semi-commercial or commercial
  • Side enclosures: fish nets, poultry wire, welded wire, bamboo
• Selection Criteria


  • Plumage color
  • Egg production
  • Good body conformation, absence of deformities
• Mating


  • Sex ratio: 1 drake: 7-10 ducks, 1:5 or 1:10, Spikers: spare drakes, 2 months younger than ducks
  • Provide ponds
  • AI (artificial insemination)

  
• Breeder Stock Management


  • Separate rearing of drakes and ducks
  • Proper feeding system for good body uniformity
  • Proper space during growing
  • Daylight for 13 hours until maturity
  • House together at 18-22 weeks, Laying must start at 22 weeks of age
  • Culling at 18 months to 2 years (Layer): injuries, defects, non-laying duck, sold as culls

  
• Other Management Practices


  • Monitor weight of meat-type ducks during growing period
  • Muscovy ducks are broody, substitute for natural incubation
  • Market age for meat-type: 3-4 months, 2.5kg (ducks), 4kg (drakes)
• Care of Hatching Eggs


  • Collect at 6:00am-7:00am
  • Separate cracked, misshapen and very dirty eggs
  • Disinfect and clean eggs
  • Store in cool, dry place, 13 degrees Celsius, 75% relative humidity (RH), Store eggs pointed end downwards, Turn eggs at least once during storage
  • Set (incubate) 1-3 days after collection, 3% loss in hatchability at 7 days, 10% loss at 14 days

  
• Incubation


  • Traditional vs Non-traditional, Temperature: Still air: 38.6-38.7 degrees Celsius, Force draft: 37.5-38 degrees Celsius, RH: 80-85%, Ventilation: even distribution, Carbon dioxide level <0.5%, Turning: at least 3x a day
• Traditional Feeding


  • Combination of feeds stuff: porridge + mash, trash fishes, small shrimp, supplementation only when food is scarce, home-mixed feeds or commercial feeds, Herding and grazing after brooding
• Traditional Feeding Schedule


  • 1-3 days: Boiled rice
  • 3 days-2 weeks: Boiled rice with shrimp
  • 2-4 weeks: Whole rice
  • 4 weeks: Rice bran, shrimp, snails, Boiled rice and chick booster (3:1)
• Non-traditional Feeding


  • Commercial feeds: Duck starter, Duck grower, Duck layer mash or pellet, regular or premium (more CP and fat), commercial chicken feeds as substitute
  • Feeding pellet ration: less feeds given, more convenient, less labor costs, less wastage, less molds and flies, cleaner troughs
• Nutrient Requirements for Egg-type Ducks

  • Energy, CP, Ca, P, Na, Amino Acids: Lysine, Methionine, Met+Cys
• Vitamin Requirements for Egg-type Ducks

  • Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Panthotenic acid, Pyridoxine, Folic acid, Niacin, Biotin, Cyanocobalamin, Choline
• Mineral Requirements for Egg-type Ducks


  • Copper, Iron, Iodine, Manganese, Zinc
• Vitamin specifications for egg-type ducks

  • Vit D (10,000 IU, 15,000 IU, 2,500 IU)
  • Vit E (30 mg, 20 mg, 45 mg)
  • Vit K (2.5 mg, 2.5 mg, 2.5 mg)
  • Thiamine (2.4 mg, 2.4 mg, 2.4 mg)
  • Riboflavin (7 mg, 5 mg, 7 mg)
  • Panthotenic acid (12 mg, 12 mg, 12 mg)
  • Pyridoxine (4 mg, 4 mg, 4 mg)
  • Folic acid (1.2 mg, 1.2 mg, 1.2 mg)
  • Niacin (50 mcg, 40 mcg, 56 mcg)
  • Biotin (80 mcg, 80 mcg, 160 mcg)
  • Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg, 15 mcg, 20 mcg)
  • Choline (800 mg, 500 mg, 800 mg)
• Mineral specifications for egg-type ducks

  • Copper (10 ppm, 10 ppm, 10 ppm)
  • Iron (80 ppm, 80 ppm, 80 ppm)
  • Iodine (0.85 ppm, 0.85 ppm, 0.85 ppm)
  • Manganese (90 ppm, 90 ppm, 90 ppm)
  • Zinc (50 ppm, 50 ppm, 50 ppm)
• Sample Formulation - Ingredients

  • Duck Starter Mash (DSM)
  • Duck Grower Mash (DGM)
  • Duck Layer Mash (DLM)
• Feed Intake


  • Age (weeks)
  • Type of Feed
  • Frequency of Feeding
  • Amount (g/day)
• Products


  • Eggs
  • Balut
  • Penoy
  • Red Salted Eggs
  • Century Egg
  • Kinulob
  • Culls (layer/breeder), excess males

  
• Flock Health


  • Limited disease outbreaks
  • Hardy and resistant animals
  • Few farms give regular medication or vaccination
  • Good housing, ventilation, management and nutrition
• Health Program


  • Buy from reputable hatcheries or growers
  • Give balanced and good quality ration
  • Give ad lib clean water
  • Clean feeders and waterers regularly
  • Group and sort ducks by age
  • Keep duck house clean and dry
  • Bury or burn dead ducks
  • Isolate sick ducks
  • Observe biosecurity measures
  • Provide anti-stress preparations
  • Control infestations
  • Keep records