Epidemiology

• What is public health?


  The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts of society
• What does the UK health security agency do?

  Portect people from the impact of infectious diseases
• What are health inequalities?

  Avoidable inequalities in health
• How do we reduce oral health inequailities?

  Address social determinants
• What is epidemiology?


  The stufy of the occurrence and distribution of health-related events
• In epidemiology, what is "observe and count"?

  Discover what is wrong
• In epidemiology, what is "analytics"?


  Discover why the problem is happening
• In epidemiology, what is "experimental"?


  Reducing the impact
• What does epidemiology achieve?


  Measures the burden of disease in a population

  Shows disease associated factors

  Monitors disease progression
• What is disease incidence?

  Number of new cases of a disease
• How do we calculate disease incidence?


  Number of new cases / population at risk x1000
• What is disease point prevalence?


  Number of all cases at a specific point in time
• How do we calculate disease point prevalence?

  Number of all cases / population at the specific time point x1000
• What is disease period prevalence?


  Number of all cases over a specified time period
• How do we calculate disease period prevalence?

  Number of all cases / average population during this time period x1000
• What disease measurement is the most useful?

  Period prevalence
• What is incidence?


  Short-lived impact
• What is prevalence?


  Long-term impact
• What is the crude death rate?


  Number of deaths in a year / total population x1000
• What factors need to be considered when calculating crude death rate?


  Age, sex and case-specific mortality
• What is percentage survival?

  % of patient alive at a given time after diagnosis
• What is case fatality?

  How many people died from the disease rather than with the disease
• What does case fatality assess?


  Severity
• What is prevention?


  Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimising the impact of disease
• What is downstream intervention?


  Dealing with the burden once it has started
• What is upstream intervention?


  Stopping the burden before it starts
• What is a risk factor?


  Any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease
• What is modifiable risk?


  Risk that can be reduced with intervention
• What are examples of modifiable risk factors?


  Lifestyle, environmental, socio-economic
• What is non-modifiable risk?


  Risk that cannot be reduced with intervention
• What are examples of non-modifiable risk?


  Age, sex, genetics
• What is primary prevention?

  Preventing disease initiation
• What is an example of primary prevention?

  Vaccination
• What is secondary prevention?


  Identifying disease early
• What is an example of secondary prevention?


  Screening
• What is tertiary prevention?

  Reduce the onset or impact of complications
• What is an example of tertiary prevention?


  Treatment and rehabilitation
• What is is an example of whole population prevention?


  Water fluoridation
• What is association?


  Statstical dependence between two or more variables
• What does association NOT imply?

  Causation