homeostasis and organsiation

• Anatomy

  The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other
• Physiology

  The study of the function of body parts
• Pathology

  The study of disease
• Characteristics of living things

  • Organisation
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Hierarchy of organisation

  1. Atoms combine to form molecules

  2. Cells are made up of molecules

  3. Tissues consist of similar types of cells

  4. Organs are made up of different types of tissues

  5. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

  6. The human organism is made up of many organ systems
• Organ Systems

  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic/immunity
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
• Integumentary System

  • Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury
  • Synthesizes vitamin D, and has sensory (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands
• Skeletal System

  • Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement
  • Blood cells are formed within bones
  • Bones store minerals
• Muscular System

  • Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
  • Maintains posture, and produces heat
• Nervous System

  • As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
• Endocrine System

  • Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
• Cardiovascular System

  • Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
  • The heart pumps blood
• Lymphatic System/Immunity

  • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
  • Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
  • Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity
  • The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
• Respiratory System

  • Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
  • The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
• Digestive System

  • Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
  • Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
• Urinary System

  • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
  • Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
• Male Reproductive System

  • Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
• Female Reproductive System

  • Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
  • The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
  • Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
• All body systems work together

  To maintain homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions
• Body systems involved in homeostasis

  • Digestive system
  • Respiratory system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Urinary system
  • Integumentary system
• Digestive system

  1. Takes in nutrients

  2. Breaks them down

  3. Eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
• Respiratory system

  1. Takes in oxygen

  2. Eliminates carbon dioxide
• Cardiovascular system

  1. Distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells

  2. Delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
• Interstitial fluid

  Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells
• Integumentary system

  Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
• All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis
• Normal range

  A dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis

  • Mainly controlled by negative feedback
  • Only a few processes in human are controlled by positive feedback
• Negative feedback


  1. Detected by thermoreceptor in the skin

  2. Signal sent to hypothalamus in brain
• Normal body temperature range is 36.1 to 37.2C

  
• Nervous system

  Wired, fast, short duration, electrical signal
• Endocrine system

  Wireless, slower, longer duration, chemical signal
• Two organ systems have the specific function to constantly monitor and respond to changes in homeostasis
• Anatomical position

  Standing erect, toes pointing forwards, head and eyes facing forward, arms by the side with palms facing forward
• Why do we use anatomical position?
• Superior (cephalic)

  Towards the head
• Inferior (caudal)

  Towards the toes
• Anterior (ventral)

  Towards the front
• Posterior (dorsal)

  Towards the back