reg of salt and water and reg of metabolism

Cards (142)

  • What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluids?
    intracellular in cells 28 liters; extracellular outside of cells (blood plasma and interstitial) 14 liters
  • What accounts for the difference in body water percent between males and females?
    for males, it is 60% of their body weight.
    for females, it is 55% of their body weight.
  • What are the sources of water input in the body?
    Water through drinking
    Water in food
  • What is referred to as metabolic water?

    Water produced during the oxidation of nutrientsWater produced during the oxidation of nutrients
  • where is vasopressin produced?
    hypothalamus
  • where is vasopressin stored?
    Stored in posterior pituitary until release
  • Why was it named "vasopressin"?
    because it constricts and retains water
  • why is vasopressin also known as antidiuretic hormone?
    because it causes water retention by constricting blood vessels and increases blood pressure and volume, and decreases osmolarity
  • What does the process diuresis refer to?
    when the body has too many of certain substances in the fluid that the kidneys filter through urine
  • what is the stimuli for vasopressin release?
    Increase in osmolarity, decrease in blood volume
  • what are vasopressin 2 key functions?
    increases blood pressure and volume (by retaining water)
    Decreases blood osmolality
  • vasopressin effects on kidney
    increases permeability of collecting duct to water
  • vasopressin effects on sweat glands

    decreases activity to limit perspiration to retain water
  • vasopressin effects on arterioles

    constricts arterioles - hormone contracts smooth muscle
    and calcium causes contraction of muscles and constricts blood vessels
  • Explain the circumstances under which vasopressin will bind receptors V1 and V2.
    V1: stimulates muscle contraction
    V2: reabsorption of water by kidney
  • what are aquophorins?
    water channels in vesicles
  • How are aquaphorins placed in cell membranes of kidney cells?
    specific vesicles in the cytoplasm are fused into the membranes of kidney cells
  • What is the function of aquaporins in cell membranes?

    Channels allow to move water
  • What is the overall function of the Renin -Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) system?
    to increase blood pressure and volume
  • What cells of the kidney release renin?
    juxtaglomerular cells
  • What are the stimuli for the release of renin? (3 ways)
    1. low blood pressure entering kidney
    2. low amount of sodium: Signal by macula densa cells located in distal convoluted tubule
    3. sympathetic nerves based on low blood pressure detected by receptors in the carotid artery.
  • What is the substrate for renin?
    Angiotensinogen
  • How is angiotensin II formed after the release of renin?
    Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin-I
    Angiotensin-I is converted to Angiotensin-II in the lungs through the ACE enzyme (angiotensin converting enzyme).
    aldosterone is made after
  • angiotensin 2 effect on kidney
    indirectly affects kidney through the action of aldosterone which is made after it
  • angiotensin 2 effect on adrenal cortex
    causes production and release of aldosterone from zone glomerlosa cells.
  • angiotensin 2 effect on cardiovascular system

    Causes vasoconstriction (constricts blood vessels)
    Increases heart rate
  • angiotensin 2 effect on central nervous system
    induces thirst and causes release of ADH / Vasopressin
  • where is aldosterone produced
    zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex
  • how is aldosterone made
    renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 which is converted into angiotensin 2 by ACE and then angiotensin 2 stimulates the zone glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex to produce and release aldosterone
  • how is aldosterone released?
    upon stimulation of angiotensin 2 in adrenal cortex
  • what is the primary action of aldosterone?
    increase retention of sodium
  • what is the secondary action of aldosterone?
    increases blood volume
  • Explain the feedback regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
    increased blood volume causes negative feedback
    increased sodium reabsorption
  • where is Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)/Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) produced?
    heart atrial cells
  • What is the stimulus for ANP/ANF release?
    high blood volume
  • What is ANP/ANF role in the maintenance of blood volume and pressure?
    Lowers blood volume and pressure
  • ANP effect on kidneys

    Relaxes kidney arterioles
    Increases filtration
    Causes the excretion of sodium
    Inhibits renin secretion
  • ANP effect on arterioles / cardiovascular system

    relaxes smooth muscle in arteries
  • ANP effect on hypothalamus

    Inhibits the release of vasopressin
    Suppresses thirst
    Suppresses salt craving
  • ANP effect on adrenal cortex
    inhibits aldosterone production and release