science 9.0 test

• Fractional distillation


  Used to separate different substances or fractions that make up crude petroleum oil based on differences in their boiling points
• Fractional distillation process


  1. Crude petroleum pumped through pipes into a furnace where it is heated and changed into gaseous form

  2. Resulting mixture of very hot gases passed into a fractionation or distillation tower

  3. As gases rise in the tower, substances with higher boiling points condense and are captured near the bottom

  4. Substances with lower boiling points remain as gases as they move up the tower until they condense and are captured at higher levels
• Evaporation


  Used to separate water from other substances, like in making maple syrup or obtaining salt from seawater
• Maple syrup production


  1. Maple sap is boiled to evaporate most of the water

  2. What remains is a thick mixture of sugar, water, and substances that give maple syrup its distinctive flavour
• Salt production from seawater


  1. Seawater flows into a salt pan, which is surrounded by dikes

  2. When the water has evaporated, the remaining solid is about 96 percent salt (sea salt)
• Filtering


  Used to separate dirt, bacteria, and other impurities from water and air
• Water filtration


  • Water filters used to improve taste and purity of tap water
  • Commercial water filters used to remove impurities during food production
• Air filtration


  • Air filters used in building ventilation systems and industrial clean rooms to trap dust, pollen, and particulate matter
• Magnetism


  Used to separate metals (e.g. iron, steel) from other waste products
• Magnetic separation


  1. Magnets attract and remove iron and steel from non-magnetic substances like wood and plastics

  2. Recovered steel and iron can be melted down and remanufactured
• Sifting


  • Used to separate denser metal-containing rocks from lighter rock material to make it easier to extract metals from ore
  • Also used in baking to break up flour lumps and add air to ensure even moistening
• Many industrial separation processes have negative environmental impacts
• Some separation methods like filtering can have positive environmental impacts
• Waste water treatment involves filters to separate impurities and provide clean water
• Air filters can improve indoor and outdoor air quality, making it healthier to breathe
• Waste water treatment usually involves a three-stage process of mechanical, biological, and chemical treatment
• Air filters


  • Used in furnaces and air purification devices to help clean the air inside the home
• Air filters have a positive impact on society and the environment
• Sewage


  Liquid waste water from toilets, baths, showers, and sinks, may also contain run-off and industrial liquid waste
• Waste water treatment


  1. Mechanical treatment

  2. Biological treatment

  3. Chemical treatment
• Waste water treatment usually involves a three-stage process that includes mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments
• Primary treatment


  Separation of a mechanical mixture, including removal of heavy particles to settle to the bottom of a sedimentation tank
• Secondary treatment


  Biological process involving aeration, which mixes waste water and sludge with large volumes of air to break apart larger clumps
• Tertiary treatment


  Application of chemicals such as chlorine to disinfect and kill remaining germs, and remove phosphates. Other treatments include exposure to high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) light and treatment with a gas
• Any sludge remaining at the end of the waste water treatment process must be disposed of, which can involve bacterial action, burial, or incineration
• During periods of heavy use or very rainy weather, water treatment plants become overwhelmed and waste water is not retained long enough to ensure purity, commonly leading to the release of contaminated water
• Recent upgrades to waste water treatment plants in Ontario have greatly increased the capacity to store and treat waste water effectively
• Pesticides


  Insecticides and herbicides used by farmers and homeowners to protect crops and lawns/gardens
• The widespread use of pesticides has had a significant impact on the environment
• Pesticide residues


  Chemicals that come from pesticides and are found in lakes, rivers, and streams
• Residue levels of pesticides are very low in some areas, but in waterways that flow into the Great Lakes, the level of pesticide contamination is significant
• The Ontario Ministry of the Environment recommends that women of childbearing age and children under 15 should restrict their consumption of most sport fish caught in Ontario waters and some freshwater fish should not be consumed at all
• Ways pesticides can enter water supplies


  1. Percolation

  2. Leaching

  3. Pesticide drift

  4. Plant uptake

  5. Discharge
• Farmers have reported health problems such as headaches, dizziness, and vomiting as a result of using pesticides that are considered safe, and long-term health problems include respiratory and digestive problems, memory disorders, and skin and eye problems
• Environmental contamination from pesticides has led to fewer kinds of living things in soil and waterways, and many fruits and vegetables may contain pesticide residues or have residues present on their surfaces
• Burlington Bay has been polluted by steel manufacturers for years, and an unknown amount of industrial waste material has been released into the environment
• Much of the land in Sudbury has been damaged by acid rain, which is caused by sulphur released into the air, and a by-product of nickel and copper smelting is slag, which was discarded over a large area of land in the greater Sudbury area, damaging the natural environment
• Landfill


  An area where garbage is disposed of and buried under layers of soil
• Many hazardous liquids are not suitable for landfill and must be treated in another manner, such as oil-based paints containing lead
• Hazardous chemicals must be stored in special sites for the disposal of hazardous wastes, which are specially constructed to contain dangerous solid and liquid substances and sealed to prevent the movement of ground water