hnfe 1004 final exam

• Hunger


  Physical drive to eat
• Appetite


  Physiological drive to eat
• Calculating BMI


  1. Weight (in kilograms) / (Height^2 (in meters))

  2. Weight (in pounds) / 2.2 / (Height (in inches) / 39.3701)^2
• BMI categories

  • Underweight: less than 18.5
  • Normal Weight: 18.5-24.9
  • Overweight: 25-29.9
  • Obese: 30 and above
• Kcal/g of

  • Carbs: 4
  • Protein: 4
  • Fats: 7
  • Alcohol: 9
• Dietary guidelines

  • Sodium: 2300 a day
  • Added sugar: less than 10% of daily calories
  • Sat fat: less than 10% of daily calories
  • Alcohol intake: Men 2 drink a day, Women 1 drink a day
• Energy Dense Foods


  Ratio of calorie content to weight (kcals/g food)
• Nutrient Dense Foods


  Ratio of nutrient content (protein, vitamins, or minerals) to calorie content (nutrients (g)/kcals of food)
• Calculating max heart rate

  220 - age
• Heart rate zones

  • Moderate: 64-76% of max heart rate
  • Vigorous: 77-95% of max heart rate
• PA guidelines

  • Children: 60 minutes a day, 7 times per week (3 muscle, 3 bone, 3 vigorous)
  • Adult: 150 minutes per week moderate or 75 minutes per week vigorous (2 days muscle strengthing)
• ABCDEs of nutritional status

  • Anthropometric
  • Biochemical
  • Clinical Assessment
  • Dietary Assessment
  • Environmental assessment
• CCK


  Slows movement of food through the GI tract, stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice
• Secretin


  Bicarbonate release from the pancreas
• Gastrin


  Stimulates product relapse by chief cells and parietal cells, and gastric motility
• Prebiotics


  Substances that increase growth of gut bacteria
• Probiotics


  Live microbe population
• Digestion of macromolecules

  1. Carbs: Salivary amylase, Pancreatic Alpha Amylase

  2. Lipids: Lingual lipase, Gastric Lipase

  3. Proteins: Pepsin
• Brush border enzymes for carbohydrates

  • Maltase: Cleaves the bond between 2 glucose
  • Isomaltase: Cleaves the bond of limit dextrins
  • Sucrase: Cleaves sucrose to produce fructose and glucose
  • Lactase: Cleaves lactose to produce galactose and glucose
• Lipid absorption


  Come into small intestine as a micelle, come out as chylomicrons, go into lymph
• Lipoproteins


  • Chylomicrons: Largest, triglycerides is the largest constituent
  • Very low-density lipoprotein: Second largest, triglycerides is the largest constituent, made in liver
  • Low-density lipoprotein: Second smallest, cholesterol is the largest constituent
  • High-density lipoprotein: Smallest, protein is the largest constituent
• Bile


  Helps to emulsify lipid droplets, made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
• Catabolic reactions


  Process of breaking down complex macromolecules into simple molecules (CO2, H2O, and ammonia)
• Anabolic reactions


  Process of building up complex molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids
• Insulin


  Drops blood glucose
• Glucagon


  Increases blood glucose
• GLUT4 translocation


  Increased by insulin and muscle contraction
• Diabetic ketoacidosis


  Cells can't take in glucose, therefore fatty acids are the primary energy source. Ketones are produced by excess lipolysis/beta oxidation formed by coA
• Criteria for diabetes diagnosis: HbA1C (glycosylated hemoglobin) >= 6.5% (>= 48 mmol x mol^-1)
• Glycemic index


  Ratio of blood glucose in response to food compared to a reference food like white bread (quality of food)
• Glycemic load


  Measures both quality and quantity of carbohydrates taken in during a meal
• Essential amino acids


  • Phenyalanine
  • Valine
  • Tryptophan
  • Theronine
  • Isoleucine
  • Methonine
  • Histinine
  • Arginnie
  • Lysine
  • Leucine
• Complete proteins


  Animal proteins that contain all 9 essential amino acids
• Complementary proteins


  Combinations of plant-based proteins (grains and legumes, grains and vegetables, nuts & seeds and legumes, nuts & seeds and vegetables) that together provide all 9 essential amino acids
• Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)


  Lean tissue is more electrically conductive (less resistant) and travels faster, fat tissue gives greater resistance and travels slower. Hydration and dehydration can affect the reading
• Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)


  Measures bone density (thickness, density, chemical composition). Attenuation of X-ray is different for bone, lean tissue, and fat tissue
• Skinfold test


  The amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to a person's total body fat
• Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)


  Scale used to measure exercise intensity based on how hard the body feels like it is working
• Energy systems


  1. PCr system: Enzyme is creatine kinase, time limited to 10-15 seconds

  2. Glycolysis: Produces ATP from glucose, time limited to 2-3 minutes
• Fuel used at rest, time until FAs kick in during exercise