Roman Civilization

• Gazettes


  The first known newspapers, containing announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, engraved in metal or stone tablets and publicly displayed
• Roman architecture


  • Able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past
  • The quality of majestic Roman structures withstood time and the harsh elements of the environment
• Aqueducts


  Conduits built to transport fresh water to highly populated areas
• Sanitation


  Provision of facilities and services that promote hygiene and cleanliness, as well as the management of human waste and wastewater to protect public health and the environment
• Sanitation practices in the Roman civilization varied depending on the time period and the region
• Hypocaust system


  Ancestor of the floor heating systems used today, used in the baths of Ancient Rome and later in the homes of some wealthy families
• Cursus Publicus


  The "Public Way" or Imperial Post, responsible for carrying important dispatches, official orders, and news between different parts of the empire
• Acta Diurna


  The first newspaper, likely using low-grade papyrus for daily publishing
• Roman numerals


  Ancient numeral system originating from Rome, developed out of a need for a common method of counting, essential for communications and trade, comprising seven letters: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M representing 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 respectively
• Julian calendar


  Invented by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, featured 365 days in each year with an additional leap day added every fourth year, gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar
• Codex


  Historical ancestor of the modern book, replaced the usage of scrolls and wax tablets, spread associated with the rise of Christianity
• Elements of surgery

  • Surgical tools and techniques
  • Antiseptic in surgery
  • Caesarean section
• Elements of legal system

  • Presumption of innocence - "innocent until proven guilty"
  • Twelve Tables - a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE
  • Legal terminologies - pro bono, subpoena, affidavit