MINSU JAPANESE

• Guerilla


  Member of a small independent group involved in irregular fighting
• De jure government


  Legitimate government without actual control
• De facto government


  Holds actual control without legal right
• Moro leaders supporting the Philippine Independence Movement during the Commonwealth Period


  • Hadji Butu
  • Gulamu Rasul
  • Datu Facundo Mandi
  • Sultan Alaoya Alonto
• Moro resentment toward the Commonwealth government


  Manifested through pocket-armed disturbances, though not as widespread as during American rule
• Sulu experienced relative calm until the Japanese invasion in 1941
• Japanese forces invaded Jolo


  Christian Eve, 1941
• Conditions favoring the establishment of a guerrilla movement in Sulu


  • Japanese arrogance and atrocities served as daily reminders for Moros, leading to Moros and Christians joining hands against Japanese oppression
• Sulu guerrilla movement led by Col. Alejandro Suarez


  Eventually designated as the 125th Infantry Regiment of the Mindanao and Sulu Forces
• Col. Alejandro Suarez


  Appointed head of the Sulu Area Command
• Foreign support for the guerrilla movement in Sulu


  • Included arms, training, and supplies, leading to effective resistance against the Japanese
• Kissa


  Narrative song-poems describing the struggles of Sulu guerrillas
• Kata-kata


  Folktales indirectly alluding to the experiences of Sulu guerrillas
• Dikirandhabuan


  Songs expressing emotions and romantic sentiments
• Proverbs and sayings


  Encapsulate wisdom and life lessons
• Long-lasting effects of the Japanese occupation in Moroland


  • Moro political rise and economic impact
  • Reparations and economic shifts
  • Moro relations with the Philippine nation
• "Asia for Asians"


  Japanese goal emphasized by their slogan
• The Japanese treated the Moros with cruelty and brutality, which welded Muslim-Christian relations together
• The Japanese occupation of Moroland mainly covered coastal towns, with few interior garrisons scattered along highways
• The Battle of Tamparan saw irregular forces inflict a significant defeat on the Imperial Japanese Army
• Some Moro leaders cooperated with the Japanese either to avoid Japanese wrath or to ease the suffering of their people
• The Japanese involved younger Moro leaders in seminars and leadership training programs to reorient their perspectives along "Asian" or Japanese lines
• The Japanese achieved the guarded, unenthusiastic obedience of Moros living in occupied towns
• "Comfort women" system


  Established by the Japanese Imperial Army to enhance the morale of Japanese soldiers and reduce random sexual assaults
• An estimated 1,000 women were sexually enslaved by the Japanese Imperial Army in the Philippines
• World War II


  Armed Moros again, allowing them to offer more than mild protest against governmental policies and officials they disliked
• Moro leaders appointed to political office after liberation


  • Datu Salipada Pendatun was appointed Governor of Cotabato
  • Datu Manalao Mindalano was placed on the executive committee of the Philippine Veterans Legion in Manila
• President Sergio Osmeña appointed Muslim guerrilla leaders to political office after liberation