Science Finals

• Rudolph Virchow - he stated that every cell originates from another existing cell
• Who is the German Scientist - Rudolph Virchow
• What is the two types of Cell Division

  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
• Mitosis - occurs in somatic cells (body cells).
• Unicellular Organisms - undergo cell division to reproduce and increase their population
• Multicellular Organisms - it results in growth, development, and reproduction
• Binary Fission - it is the process by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism
• Cell Division - is the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divide to form two new cells referred to as daughter cells
• Meiosis - a type of cell division for the production of gametes in sexual reproduction
• 5 days - when does lining of the stomach is replaced
• When does red blood cells being replaced?

  120 days
• Cell Division requires different cellular components to produce - Daughter Cells
• What is the other term of Sex Cells?

  Gametes
• It controls the center of the cell and it also contains DNA (replicate prior to cell division)?

  Nucleus
• It is a doubled - stranded nucleic acid that is tightly coiled proteins called histones to form chromosome— DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell and is bounded by - Nuclear Membrane
• Nucleotide - a molecule that is the basic building blocks of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
• What are the nitrogen - containing base

  DNA

  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine and Cytosine

  RNA

  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
• What is the three types of Nucleotide

  • Nitrogen-containing base
  • Phosphate Group
  • Sugar Molecule
• DNA Replication - is to produce two identical copies of a DNA molecule. It is essential for cell division during growth or repair of damaged tissues and can ensure that each new cell receives its own copy of the DNA.
• Centriole - it assists in cell division by forming spindle fibers & aster rays. It is a small cylindrical structure in the cytoplasm in most eukaryote, but absent in plants & fungi.
• Cell cycle - it is an orderly events that culminates in the production of new cells.
• What are the four phase of cell cycle

  • Growth 1 (G1)
  • Synthesis Phase (S)
  • Growth 2 (G2)
  • Mitosis/Meiosis Phase (M)
• Synthesis Phase - it doubles through the process of replication. At the end of this stage, each chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids

  attached at the centromere
• Growth 2 - is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares itself for

  mitosis.
• 
  

  Growth 1 - the cell is still young and undergoes rapid growth. Organelles are formed. Proteins are produced like enzymes. Longest phase in most cells. Cells are not dividing like muscles & nerve cells, remain at this stage throughout their life cycle
• Mitosis/Meiosis Phase - is a process in which the nucleus divides into two
• The Division of the nucleus is called - Karyokinesis
• The Division of cytoplasm is called - Cytokinesis
• If a normal human body cell containing 46 chromosomes, undergoes mitosis, it produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.
• Mitosis - is a type of cell division in which the nucleus of the cell divides into two nuclei with identical genetic material. The resulting two daughter cells have the same

  number of chromosomes similar to the parent cell.
• Homologous Chromosome - contains two set of chromosomes, results in two diploid daughter cells after mitosis

  Maternal and Paternal - is the two set of chromosome.
• What are the stages of Mitosis

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
• Telophase - In this stage the chromatids are located on the opposite poles. The nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes which start to uncoil.

  The spindle fibers will dissolve and disappear and each chromosome in a daughter cell is composed only of one chromatid
• What is the new name for Chromatids?

  Chromosomes
• Metaphase - in this stage chromosome move and align themselves at the center of the cell

  called Metaphase Plate
• Anaphase - In this stage the proteins that bind two sister chromatids of each chromosome divide.
• Prophase


  ✓ begins at prophase with the

  thickening and coiling of

  the chromosomes.

  ✓ the nucleolus, a rounded

  structure, shrinks and

  disappears.

  ✓ the end of prophase is marked

  by the beginning of the

  organization of a group of fibers

  to form a spindle and the

  disintegration of the nuclear

  membrane/envelope.

  ✓ centrioles migrate at opposite

  poles of the cell.

  ✓ the nucleolus disappears.
• In animal cells this occur when the exterior of the cell moves inward until the cell is divided into two - Cleavage Furrow Formation
• In plant cells, Cytokinesis starts at the middle of the cell and moves outward it is called - Cell Plate Formation