physiology

• Atoms combine to form molecules
• Organelle


  Cellular component
• Smooth muscle cell


  Type of cell
• Chemical level


  Level of organization in the human body
• Cellular level


  Level of organization in the human body
• Smooth muscle tissue


  Type of tissue
• Cardiovascular system


  Organ system
• Tissue level


  Level of organization in the human body
• Epithelial tissue


  Type of tissue
• Organ level


  Level of organization in the human body
• Organ system level


  Level of organization in the human body
• Organismal level


  Level of organization in the human body
• Connective tissue


  Type of tissue
• The human body has many levels of structural organization
• At each level of the biological hierarchy, we find a correlation between structure and function—including at the organ system and organismal level

  
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment
• Ligand


  A molecule that binds to usually a larger molecule (receptor)
• Receptor


  Chemical structure made of protein that receive and transduce signals
• Phosphorylation


  Addition of phosphate groups
• Dephosphorylation


  Removal of phosphate groups
• Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)


  A type of enzyme receptor
• Enzyme cascades amplify the cell's response to the signal
• Cellular responses


  • Nuclear response
  • Cytoplasmic response
• Neurons (nerve cells)


  Functional units of the nervous system
• Membrane potential


  Unequal distribution of charge across membrane
• Equilibrium potential


  Potential at which there is no net flow of the ion across the membrane
• Sodium channel inactivation is responsible for refractory period
• Types of refractory period


  • Absolute refractory period
  • Relative refractory period
• Types of cell surface receptors


  • Ligand-gated ion channels
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors
• Types of neurons by neurotransmitter


  • Glutamatergic neurons
  • GABAergic neurons
• Acetylcholine (ACh)


  Major neurotransmitter of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Types of ACh receptors


  • Nicotinic ACh Receptors
  • Muscarinic ACh Receptors
• Muscles express nicotinic ACh receptors
• Motor neuron


  Causes muscle contraction
• Parasympathetic signaling


  Slows down heart contractions
• Sympathetic signaling


  1. Norepinephrine release

  2. Norepinephrine binds to β-adrenergic receptors

  3. Activates G-protein activates adenyly cyclase

  4. PKA opens Ca2+ channel

  5. Ca2+ influx leads to depolarization
• Sympathetic signaling


  Speeds up heart contractions
• Structural classifications of neurons


  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
• Functional classifications of neurons


  • Afferent neurons
  • Efferent neurons
• Types of neurons based on number of processes


  • Multipolar (3 or more processes, 1 axon, other dendrites)
  • Bipolar (2 processes, 1 axon, 1 dendrite)
  • Unipolar (1 process, 1 axon, 1 dendrite)