PR1

• Qualitative research


  Aims to understand the meaning and interpretation of experiences, rather than gathering numerical data or examining cause-and-effect relationships
• Ethnographic research design


  • Involves immersing oneself in the cultural context to gain an in-depth understanding of the participants' experiences, beliefs, and practices
• Case study design


  • Suitable for an in-depth exploration of a specific phenomenon or situation
• Narrative research design


  • Focuses on collecting and analyzing individuals' stories and personal experiences
• Grounded Theory


  • Research design that involves generating theories or hypotheses from the data gathered, commonly used when exploring new or emerging phenomena
• Phenomenological design


  • Qualitative research approach that aims to understand and describe the lived experiences of individuals or groups
• Convenience sampling


  • Involves selecting participants who are readily available or easy to contact, which can be a convenient and accessible sampling method
• Purposive sampling


  • Involves deliberately selecting participants who possess the characteristics or experiences relevant to the research objectives
• Criterion sampling


  • Involves selecting participants based on specific criteria or characteristics related to the research objectives
• Snowball sampling


  • Sampling technique that uses the referral method, where existing participants refer other potential participants for inclusion in the study
• Critical case sampling


  • Involves selecting specific cases that are considered critical or important for the study's purpose
• Qualitative research methods


  • Interviews, observations, and focus groups
• Thematic analysis


  Widely used approach in qualitative research, involves identifying patterns, themes, or categories in the data
• Themes


  Generated when similar issues and ideas expressed by participants within qualitative data are brought together by the researcher into a single category or cluster
• Observation in qualitative research


  • Involves systematically watching and recording behaviors in a naturalistic setting, researchers observe participants' actions, interactions, and the context in which they occur
• Focus group discussions


  • Particularly useful for generating group dynamics and interactions, a moderator facilitates a group conversation among participants, encouraging them to share their thoughts, ideas, and experiences
• A potential limitation of focus group discussions is the limited time for in-depth exploration
• Generating statistical summaries is not typically part of thematic analysis, as qualitative research focuses on textual data rather than numerical analysis
• Trustworthiness


  In qualitative research, refers to the credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of the study
• Member checking


  • Involves validating the findings and interpretations with participants themselves
• Researcher participation


  • Researchers actively participate in the observed setting, immersing themselves in the environment under study
• Interviews


  • Provide in-depth insights and rich descriptions from participants, allow researchers to gather detailed and nuanced information about participants' experiences, perspectives, and opinions
• Triangulation


  In qualitative research, involves collecting data from multiple sources or methods
• Saturation


  Refers to the point at which no further data collection is necessary
• Anonymity


  Guaranteeing complete anonymity for participants is important to protect their privacy and confidentiality
• Interviewer role


  In qualitative interviews, the role of the interviewer is to facilitate open-ended discussions
• Participant observation


  • Advantage is access to rich and detailed information, by immersing themselves in the research setting, researchers gain firsthand experience and understanding of the participants' perspectives, behaviors, and interactions
• Transcription


  Process of converting spoken language from interviews or discussions into written text
• Presenting findings in qualitative research


  • Steps include organizing both summary and synthesis often combined with conceptual categories, drafting the results section using the findings and organized figures, and designing figures and tables to present and illustrate the data
• Purpose of writing findings in qualitative research


  To report and interpret the data collected
• Primary goal of presenting findings in qualitative research

  To provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under study
• Tone of the findings section in qualitative research


  Reflective and interpretive
• Drawing conclusions in qualitative research


  • Based on patterns and themes identified in the data, often limited to the specific participants and context of the study, considering alternative explanations or rival interpretations, with the role of researcher interpretation varying
• Trustworthiness of conclusions in qualitative research

  Can be enhanced by ensuring transparency and coherence in the research process
• Purpose of including recommendations in qualitative research


  To propose future research directions
• Formulating recommendations in qualitative research


  • Considerations include theoretical frameworks and existing literature, practical implications of the study's results, participants' experiences, and relevant individuals or organizations impacted by the research topic