CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Cardiovascular system


  A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
• Function of cardiovascular system

  • Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormone
  • Remove wastes
• Heart


  • Location: mediastinum
  • Heart apex direction: anterior, inferior, to the left
  • Heart base: posterior, superior, and to the right
  • Shape: inverted pyramid
  • Size: closed fist
• Pericardium


  • A double serous membrane
  • Visceral pericardium - inner covering
  • Parietal pericardium - outer covering
• Pericardial space


  • Space between the layers of pericardium
  • Filled with serous fluid
  • Lubricates pericardium
  • For shock-absorption
• Layers of the heart

  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
• Heart chambers


  • Right and left atrium
  • Right and left ventricle
• Superior vena cava


  Drains deoxygenated blood from upper half of the body
• Inferior vena cava


  Drains deoxygenated blood from lower half of the body
• Coronary sinus


  Drains deoxygenated blood from the walls of the heart
• Pulmonary veins


  4 veins, 2 in left lung and 2 in right lung
• Coronary artery


  • Main blood supply of the heart
  • Right and left coronary artery branched out from aorta
• Aorta


  Carries oxygenated blood
• Inter-atrial septum


  Divides the right and left atrium
• Interventricular septum


  Divides the right and left ventricle
• Atrial septal defect (ASD)


  Septum are not fully developed
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD)


  Septum are not fully developed
• Pectinate muscles


  Present in right and left ventricles
• Trabeculae carneae and papillary


  2 muscles present in right and left ventricles
• Foramen ovale


  Hole between left and right atria in a fetus
• Fossa ovalis


  When foramen ovale is completely closed
• Atrioventricular valves


  • Prevent blood backflow/regurgitation
  • Bicuspid/mitral valve left - has 2 doors
  • Tricuspid valve right - 3 cusps/flaps/doors
• Semilunar valves


  • Prevent blood backflow/regurgitation
  • Pulmonary valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • Aortic valve - between left ventricle and aorta
• Chordae tendineae


  Guides the opening/closing of bicuspid and tricuspid valves
• Aorta


  • The largest artery of the body
  • Carries oxygenated blood
• Arteries


  Carry blood away from the heart
• Veins


  Carry blood back to the heart
• Pulmonary artery


  Carries deoxygenated blood
• Pulmonary veins


  Carry oxygenated blood
• Right coronary artery


  Supplies blood to the muscle of right atrium, right ventricle, and some portion of left ventricle
• Left coronary artery


  Supplies blood to the muscle of left atrium, left ventricle, and posterior portion of right ventricle
• Coronary artery diseases (CAD)

  Blocked blood supply
• Angina pectoris


  Medical pain for chest pain
• Myocardial Infarction (MI)/heart attack

  Left ventricle is common
• Sinoatrial node


  Primary pacemaker of the heart, located in right atrium
• Atrioventricular node


  Back-up pacemaker, most common site for heart block
• Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)

  Part of the conduction system
• Bundle branches


  Part of the conduction system
• Purkinje fibers


  Largest pacemaker of the heart
• Sympathetic nervous system


  Increases heart rate and force