Chemistry Year 10 & Year 11

• Matter


  The physical arrangement of matter can be amorphous, crystalline or polycrystalline
• Impure substances


  Can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous
• Pure and impure substances

  Can be identified from their melting and boiling points
• Terms related to phases


  • Solute
  • Solvent
  • Phase
  • Suspension
  • Colloid
  • Gel
  • Emulsion
  • Saturated solution
  • Unsaturated solution
• Miscible and immiscible substances


  Substances can be described as either miscible or immiscible
• Emulsifier


  Works by stabilizing an emulsion
• Terms related to separation

  • Filtrate
  • Residue
  • Distillate
  • Volatile
• Methods of separation


  • Decantation
  • Evaporation
  • Vaporization
  • Filtration using a separating funnel
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
• Separation of substances through

  1. Decantation

  2. Evaporation

  3. Filtration

  4. Use of a separation funnel

  5. Distillation
• Dialysis is a method of separating substances
• Parabola


  The curve or vertex where the level of water is referred to
• Chapter 2: How Do We Use Matter?
• Objectives


  • Describe the physical arrangement of matter
  • Describe impure substances
  • Identify pure and impure substances
  • Define terms: solute, solvent, phase, suspension, colloid, gel, emulsion, saturated solution, unsaturated solution
  • Describe substances as miscible or immiscible
  • Explain how an emulsifier works
  • Define terms: filtrate, residue, distillate, volatile
  • List and describe methods of separation
  • Investigate separation of substances
  • Calculate retardation factor
  • Design an experiment to investigate separation
  • Define terms: diffusion, osmosis, semi permeable, dialysate
  • Explain how dialysis works
• Amorphous matter


  • No repeating pattern, only short range order, extensively disordered - non crystalline (e.g. glasses)
  • No definite shape or form
  • No long-range lattice present
  • No crystals
• Crystalline matter


  • Highly regular and organised arrangement of atoms, ions, molecules - periodic (repeating)
  • Crystal lattice
• Polycrystalline matter


  • Made up of multiple grains that vary in size and orientation
  • Separated by grain boundaries
  • Semi-organised structure with periodic arrangement within each grain
• Homogeneous mixture


  Uniform appearance and composition throughout
• Heterogeneous mixture


  Components are not uniform, have localized regions with different properties
• Pure substance


  Fixed or sharp melting and boiling point with a specific value
• Impure substance


  Varying melting and boiling points stated as a range
• Solute


  Object which is dissolved into the solvent
• Solvent


  Substance which the solute dissolves in
• Phase


  Physically distinctive form of matter such as solid, liquid or gas
• Suspension


  Heterogeneous mixture where solute-like particles settle out of the solvent
• Colloid


  Mixture with one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles suspended through another substance
• Precipitate


  Insoluble product made from 2 soluble reactants, usually resides at the bottom
• Gel


  Solid jelly-like material with properties ranging from hard to tough and soft to weak
• Emulsion


  Mixture of two or more liquids which are normally immiscible, made possible by an emulsifier
• Saturated solution


  Solvent cannot dissolve anymore solute at a specific temperature
• Unsaturated solution


  More solute can be dissolved by the solvent, has not yet reached saturation point
• Supersaturated solution


  Excess solute has been added to the solvent, portion remains undissolved
• Miscible substances


  Can dissolve into each other
• Immiscible substances


  Cannot dissolve into each other
• How an emulsifier works

  1. Hydrophobic tail moves away from water, hydrophilic head moves towards water

  2. Emulsifier coats surface of oil droplets, keeping them evenly dispersed in water
• Methods of separation


  • Decantation
  • Evaporation
  • Filtration
  • Separating funnel (for immiscible liquids)
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
  • Recrystallization
• Filtrate


  Liquid collected after using a separating funnel
• Residue


  Solute collected after filtration
• Distillate


  Liquid collected after distillation
• Volatile


  Tendency of a substance to vaporize
• Retardation factor


  Distance moved by sample / Distance moved by solvent