external class DIA

• Tanner argues that the cost of transport, books, uniform and computers place a heavy burden on low income families
• Flannerty argues that the stigma attached to free school meals prevents people from taking these entitlements
• Ridge notes that WC pupils may work part time, affecting school performance
• Howards argues that young children living in poor households have lower vitimans and energy intake, causing illness and time away from school
• Wilkinson argues the lower the social class, the higher rate of hyperactivity and anxiety which causes distractions at school
• Sulivan used questionnaires to assess 465 pupils cultural capital and found that those who watched documentaries/read complex fiction developed a wider vocab and had more cultural knowledge
• Hubbs-Tait argue that parents who challenged their children to evaluate their thinking developed higher cognitive ability
• Bernstein identified the WC restricted code (context bound, simple, limited vocab) and the MC elaborated
• Douglas found that WC parents place less value on education, so are less likely to push and encourage children academically
• Feinstein argues that well educated parents are better educated on parenting style with consistent discipline and have a better understanding on what is needed to assist educational achievement
• Barry Sugarman identified 4 key features of the wc subculture that acted as a barrier to sucess: present-oriented, immediate gratification, collectivism, fatalism
• cultural deprivation includes language (speech codes - Bernstein) parents education (Douglas/Feinstein) and WC subculture (Sugarman)
• Feinstein argues that parents own education is the most important factor affecting childrens achievement, since MC parents tend to be better educated, they give their children an advantage through how they socialise them
• Feinstein notes that better educated parents parenting style emphasises consistent discipline and encourages active learning and exploration, whereas less educated parents use harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasises 'doing as you are told' and prevents the child from learning self control and independence, leading to poor motivation and problems at school
• Bernstein and Young found that better educated parents are likely to buy educational books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development
• regardless of class and income, Feinstein argues that better educated parents tend to have children who are more successful, which explains why not all WC children do equally badly and why not all MC do equally well