PC

• Research


  A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. The art of scientific investigation.
• Research

  The pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison, and experiment.
• Research


  A scientific procedure used to discover answers to questions. It seeks to find out the truth which has not yet been discovered.
• Research process


  1. Formulating the research problem

  2. Extensive literature survey

  3. Developing the hypothesis

  4. Preparing the research design

  5. Determining sample design

  6. Collecting data

  7. Analysis of data

  8. Testing of hypothesis

  9. Generalization and interpretation

  10. Reporting a research
• Literature review


  Surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
• Literature review


  • Describes the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
  • Identifies new ways to interpret prior research
  • Reveals any gaps that exist in the literature
  • Resolves conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
  • Identifies areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
  • Points the way to fulfilling a need for additional research
  • Locates your own research within the context of existing literature
• It is important in writing the related literature and studies to consider finding models, narrowing the topic, and making sure that the sources are current.
• Ways to organize a literature review


  • Chronology of events
  • By publication
  • Thematic
  • Methodological
• InfoTrac Custom Journal


  A database of journals selected by your library. A one-stop source of new and periodical articles covering a wide range of topics.
• Citation


  The means by which credit are given to researchers and writers upon using their work in our papers.
• Two styles of in-text citation


  • Author-date citation
  • Parenthetical citation
• Referencing


  Citing authorities or support especially in a book or paper. Acknowledging the source of the information used to develop your own ideas and arguments.
• Ways of referencing


  • Books
  • Journal article
  • Website
  • Chapter in an edited book
• APA


  Used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences. 6th Edition - 2009, 7th Edition - 2019.
• MLA


  Used by the Humanities.
• Chicago/Turabian


  Generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts.
• Difference between referencing and citation


  Reference list - you use ALL the details. In-text citations - you use only a few basic details.
• Plagiarism


  The deliberate or reckless representation of another's words, thoughts, or ideas as one's own without attribution.
• Plagiarism varieties


  • Direct plagiarism
  • Self-plagiarism
  • Mosaic plagiarism
  • Accidental plagiarism
• To avoid plagiarism, determine what must be documented. Cited specific word or words of an author must be enclosed within quotation marks and should acknowledge the source. Though you composed your own idea taken from a source, still reflect the source.
• How to avoid plagiarism


  • Carefully outline your paper before writing, making clear which source is yours or which comes from the outside
  • Properly double-check your bibliography making sure you included all the needed information in the right order
  • Scrutinize your sources by determining the author's voice in his or her field, the author's affiliation, and the novelty of the author's information
  • Do not rush as you neglect to acknowledge your source
  • Include the full reference details of each source and acknowledge the work of others