Nutrition 2

• Balanced diet


  Formulation based on the RDA of the individual

  
• Factors influencing RDAs


  • Age
  • Sex and Physiological State
  • Physical Activity
  • Economic Status
  • Other Factors (culture, religion, local foods)
• Physical Activity Groups


  • Sedentary Workers
  • Moderate Workers
  • Heavy Workers
• Sedentary Workers


  Perform light work, daily caloric requirement around 2400kcal for males and 2000kcal for females
• Moderate Workers


  Perform moderate work, daily caloric requirement around 3000 for males and 2300 for females
• Heavy Workers


  Perform heavy work, daily caloric requirement about 4000 kcal for males and 3000 kcal for females
• Daily caloric requirement is increased in growing children, pregnant women (2300 kcal), and lactating mothers (2700 kcal)
• Diet needs to be modified in certain disease states, varying with the disease conditions
• Nutritional Status


  The degree to which the individual's physiological and metabolic needs for energy and nutrients (demand) are being met by food he/she is eating (supply)
• Assessing Nutritional Status


  Gives a quantitative measure of the nutritional well-being (health) of the individual
• Questions Assessing Nutritional Status


  • Does SUPPLY equal demand?
  • Has balance been achieved?
  • If not, what is the imbalance?
  • Are there signs of imbalance?

  
• Changes in FORM and FUNCTION


  • FORM (structure and composition of the body)
  • FUNCTION (what the body can do)
• Assessing FORM


  • Anthropometric measurements (Height, weight, BMI, mid-arm circumference, skin-fold thickness, etc.)
  • Measurement of body composition
• Assessing FUNCTION


  • Physiological tests
  • Biochemical tests
  • Measurement of functional capacity or work performance
• Assessing SUPPLY


  • Ask patients about their eating habits and meal patterns (Take a detailed diet history)
  • Compare the patient's intake to standards data like RDA

  
• Anthropometric Measurements


  • Height
  • Weight
  • BMI
  • Mid-arm circumference
  • Skin-fold thickness
  • Abdominal circumference
  • Waist-Hip ratio
• Body Composition


  • Average 70 kg man: 15% fat, 85% fat-free mass (Lean Body Mass)
  • Lean Body Mass: 70% water, 20% protein, 10% bone mineral
  • Women have higher fat content than men (25%)
• Body Composition Assessment


  • Body fat Measurement
  • Body Density (Weighing in air, Weighing in water)
  • Body water (Biochemical measurement)
• Assessing FUNCTION


  • Laboratory measurement of nutrients in blood or urine
  • Physiological Function Tests (Physical working capacity, Sugar absorption tests, Gastric emptying tests, Energy expenditure tests)
• The three major classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
• Triglycerides consist of glycerol (a trihydric alcohol) esterified with three fatty acids
• Phospholipids contain two fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol backbone and one phosphate group attached to the third carbon atom on the glycerol molecule
• Steroid lipids include cholesterol, which is an important component of cell membranes and precursor for hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
• Fatty Acids can be saturated or unsaturated based on the presence or absence of double bonds between carbons within the hydrocarbon chain
• Fatty Acids are long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated or unsaturated depending on whether they contain single bonds between carbons or double bonds between certain carbons
• Steroid Lipids include cholesterol, which is an important component of cell membranes and precursor for hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
• Phospholipids contain two fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol backbone and one phosphate group attached to the third carbon atom of the glycerol molecule