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• HIV


  Transmitted through bodily fluids
• HIV diagnosis


  • Elisa + Western Blot
  • Viral load test: 50 copies/ml
• HIV


  • Kaposi sarcoma
  • Drugs: NRTI, NNRTI, Protease Inhibitors, Integrase Inhibitors
• Pap smear test
• STDs


  • Diseases under STDs
  • Prevention of STDs
• Vaccine for Genital Warts: Gardasil
• Herpes Type 1 and Type 2


  Stages of Herpes
• Pediculosis


  Diagnosed by physical examination
• Congenital Syphilis
• Jock itch location - groin
• Gonorrhea transmission to babies
• Rabies


  • Transmitted through saliva, claws
  • First aid: Clean wound with soap and water
• Poliomyelitis


  • Hallmark signs: Paralysis, Paresthesia
  • Diagnosed by lumbar puncture
  • Prevention: Vaccination, clean water/sanitation, cooked foods, hand washing
• Hydatidosis - zoonosis
• Bacterial Meningitis


  • Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, stiff neck, discomfort with bright light, nausea, vomiting
  • Severe cases: Brain damage, hearing loss, learning disability
  • Susceptible: Aged and children under 5
• Cysticercosis


  • Best treatment: Excision
  • Treated with anthelmintic drug
• Tetanus


  • Symptoms: Lockjaw (muscle spasms in face)
  • Vaccine works by injecting inactivated toxins
• Encephalitis


  • Tx: Not commonly used - Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
  • Symptoms: Status epilepticus, severe brain inflammation, poor prognosis
• Leishmaniasis


  • Skin ulcers and sores
  • Mucosal involvement and disfigurement
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis


  Treated with oral miltefosine
• Toxoplasmosis


  Diagnosed by serologic testing for IgG, direct observation of parasite in tissue, culture from CSF
• Viral hemorrhagic fever
• Hepatitis G
• Hepatitis B


  • Primarily transmitted through infected blood or body fluids, including sexual contact or sharing needles
  • Tx: Heptovir - potential risk of virus becoming resistant if taken long-term
  • Interferon alfa (Intron A, Roferon A, Sylatron)
• Hepatitis C - silent killer/sometimes without symptoms
• Anthrax


  • If untreated, leads to damage to multiple organ systems (sepsis)
  • Tx: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) or doxycycline, plus raxibacumab and obiltoxaximab
• Chickenpox


  • Serious cases: Infected skin, soft tissues, bones, joints, or bloodstream, and dehydration
  • Transmitted by direct contact and inhalation
• Measles


  • Rash starts on face/ears, spreads downward
  • Serious cases: Swelling of brain leading to permanent damage, seizures, pneumonia
• Smallpox patients became contagious once the first sores appeared in their mouth and throat
• Filariasis


  • Lymphedema, Hydrocele, and Edema of the arms and legs
  • Diagnosed by PCR
  • Tx: Ivermectin and albendazole
  • Hallmark signs: Recurrent high fever, Chronic swelling and enlargement of body parts, Gastrointestinal disturbances
  • Monitor symptoms for 3 months
• Leprosy


  • Produces skin ulcers, nerve damage, muscle weakness, disfigurement
  • Transmitted by droplets
  • Paucibacillary leprosy: 1-5 skin lesions, lower risk of transmission, Tx: Rifampicin, Dapsone 6 months
  • Multibacillary leprosy: >5 skin lesions, nerve involvement, higher bacterial burden, Tx: Rifampicin, Dapsone, Clofazimine 12 months
• Biotechnology


  Two amino acids produced by microbes are used in the artificial sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet)
• Standard precautions


  • Used to prevent transmission of diseases from blood, body fluids, non-intact skin, mucous membranes
  • Hand hygiene is a major component
  • PPE refers to wearable equipment to protect health workers
• Other ways nurses can prevent infection: Effective hand washing, Avoidance of urinary catheterization, Use of alcohol-based hand rubs
• Infection Control Team


  • Role in hospital acquired infections
  • Surveillance: Definition
• Bioterrorism/Biowarfare


  • Biological Agents: Living organisms or replicating entities that reproduce within host to cause harm
  • CDC categories of biological warfare agents, including Category C
  • 2001 Anthrax cases: 22 total (11 inhalation, 11 cutaneous)
• Carrier


  Person who harbors pathogenic microorganisms without suffering ill effects
• Congenital infection


  Pathogens can cross placental barrier and infect fetus in utero
• Virus life cycle: Adhesion, Entry, Uncoating, Synthesis and Assembly, Virion Release
• Foscarnet


  Used to treat infections caused by Herpes Virus, HIV, and Cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients