BIOCHEM - CENTRAL DOGMA

• Refers to the process of making copies of genetic information and conversion to protein?

  Central dogma
• Making copies of genetic information is?

  Replication
• Conversio of DNA to RNA is called?

  Transcription
• Conversion of RNA to DNA?

  Reverse transcription
• Conversion of mRNA to protein?

  Translation
• Smallest heredity unit that can be passed from parent to offspring?


  Gene
• The process in converting genes to functional protein?

  Gene expression
• What are the 2 types of coding regions?

  Introns: Non-coding

  Exons: Coding
• When introns are removed and axons are joined together to form the final mRNA?

  RNA Splicing
• 2 types of introns or noncoding?


  Satellites and mini-satellites/microsatellites?
• What is the role of the 2 types of introns?


  Satellites provide structural stability to the chromosomes. While, the micro satellites monitor mutations such as cancer.
• Where does DNA replication takes place?

  Nucleus
• How does DNA replication happen in what manner?

  Semi-conservative manner
• the initiating point that generates a replication bubble?

  Origin of replication
• This is where the double stand DNA begins to open and form a?

  Replication bubble
• This is were the replication actively occurs after forming the replication bubble?

  Replication fork
• Inside the replication fork, it is where an assemble of proteins facilitate DNA replication at the replication fork?

  Replisome
• It prevents the DNA from supercoiling by introducing breaks to relieve stress?


  Topoisomerase/DNA gyrase
• It breaks the H bond between bases pairs to unzip DNA?

  Helicase
• Synthesize primers?


  Primase
• Saan didikit ang DNA polymerase para magelongate ang mga DNA?

  Primers
• Keeps the DNA polymerase in place?

  Clamp protein
• Synthesize new DNA strand, can only add existing nucleotide chain and cannot initiate replication?


  DNA polymerase
• Joins the Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand?

  DNA ligase
• Stabilize and protects single stranded region of the DNA during replication?

  Single-stranded binding proteins
• The newly synthesized DNA is called either?


  Lagging or leading strand
• This type of strand uses the template that runs 3' to 5' towards the replication fork and replication is continuous?

  Leading strand
• This strand uses template that runs 5' to 3' towards the replication fork. Replication is discontinuous and from Okazaki fragments that are joined together at the end?

  Lagging strand
• This is the process in which genetic information from DNA is converted to mRNA in the nucleus?

  RNA transcription
• The separated DNA strand are then referred to as?

  Template strand and coding strand
• Strand that is transcribed and has a negative or antistrand?


  Template strand
• Strand that is not transcribed and with a positive or sense strand?

  Coding strand
• Enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis?

  RNA polymerase
• RNA polymerase cannot recognize the promoter sequence it requires the help of?

  Transcription factors
• 2 types of promoter region?

  Consensus and initiation region
• type of promoter region wherein initial transcription factors binds?

  Consensus region
• type of promoter region wherein RNA polymerase signal when to start the transcription and RNA polymerase II binds?

  Initiation signal
• Nucleotides at the end of a gene that signals RNA polymerase to end transcription. Forms pre-mRNA?

  Terminator
• Enzymes that facilitate the splicing is?

  Spliceosome
• Synthesis of proteins from mature mRNA is?

  Translation