Engacprof

• Formalist Criticism


  An approach that regards literature as a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms
• Formalist Criticism


  • Primarily looks at the structural purposes of the text without taking into account any outside influence
  • Might examine the text through recurring images or symbols, repetition of words or phrases, technical aspects of the story, disruption of narrative chronology, or the relevance of point of view
• Subdivisions of Formalism


  • New Criticism
  • Russian Formalism
  • New Formalism
• Biographical or Historical Criticism


  Begins with the insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding an author's life can help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work
• Gender Criticism


  Examines how sexual identity influences the creation of the literary text
• Approaches within Gender Criticism

  • Masculinist Approach
  • Feminist Approach
• Masculinist Approach


  Advocated by poet Robert Bly, focuses on the desire to work with men's issues and yields to the political conviction that feminism does not fit with the facts
• Feminist Approach


  Attempts to correct the imbalance of sexes by analyzing and combating the patriarchal attitudes that have dominated western thought
• Psychological Criticism


  A criticism in which the method, the concept, or the form of the material is influenced by psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, who expressed that psychoanalytic theories changed our notions of human behavior in which authors explore new or controversial areas like wish fulfillment, sexuality, the unconscious and repression
• Sociological Criticism


  Evaluates a literary piece in the cultural, economic, and political context that explores the linkage between the author and his society
• Marxist Criticism


  An example of sociological criticism that highlights the economic and political elements of art focusing on the ideological content of literature, where the Marxist critic is a careful reader or viewer who keeps in mind issues of power and money and status quo
• Moral/Philosophical Approach


  Focuses on themes, views of the world, morality, philosophies of the author and the like, establishing its purpose of teaching morality and investigating philosophical issues
• Mythological Criticism


  Emphasizes the recurrent universal patterns underlying most literary works, exploring the artist's common humanity by tracing how the individual imagination uses myths and symbols common to different cultures and epochs
• Archetype


  A symbol, character, situation, or image that evokes a deep universal response
• Steps in writing a Critique Paper

  1. Read to understand the literary piece or any text provided for you to critique

  2. Determine the author's purpose of writing

  3. Analyze each segment or section very well

  4. Decide which among the approaches in literary criticism you will be using to critique the text

  5. Compose your introduction, body and conclusion sensibly
• Introduction


  May have the author's name, the book's title, your source and the thesis statement
• Body


  Discuss the strong points and the weak points of the material in a logical, clear manner
• Conclusion


  Provide a generic opinion about the text
• Academic Text


  Written material in an organized way and in a specific manner
• An academic text must be clear on all levels of academic text such as the entirety of the material, each section it presents, every paragraph it provides, and even in each sentence that bears a concept or an idea
• IMRAD Model


  • I - Introduction
  • M - Methods and Materials
  • R - Results
  • D - Discussion
• IMRAD FORMAT


  1. Chapter 1

  2. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

  3. Introduction

  4. Background of the Study

  5. Literature Review

  6. Theoretical Framework

  7. Conceptual Framework

  8. Statement of the Problem (Research Questions)

  9. Hypotheses (if applicable)

  10. Significance of the Study

  11. Scope and Limitation of the Study

  12. Definition of Terms
• CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY


  1. Overview / Introduction

  2. Research Design

  3. Population and Sampling

  4. Respondents of the Study

  5. Research Instrument

  6. Data Gathering Procedure

  7. Data Analysis
• CHAPTER 3 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  1. Overview / Introduction

  2. Problem No. 1

  3. Problem No. 2

  4. Problem No. 3
• CHAPTER 4 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  1. Summary

  2. Findings

  3. Conclusions

  4. Recommendations
• Aim


  What you intend to achieve in your study
• Research questions


  Specific questions that will enable you to reach your aim
• Introduction


  • The text needs to start with something that your reader can relate to, and something that shows what field your research will contribute to, and how
  • The introduction should provide everything the reader needs to know in order to understand your aim
• Body


  • The ideas, concepts and results are discussed in the body of the academic text
  • The writer must make it a point to develop and organize ideas that absolutely support the article's argument or stance
  • Keep in mind to make your sentences unified, coherent and cohesive so as to give a good, well-written article to the readers
• Methods and Materials


  • You don't have to tell your reader exactly how you have conducted your study
  • You have to discuss about what you have done in order to accomplish your aim and to address the research questions
  • Focuses on what you actually did in your study as well as the account for the choices you made, when needed
• Results


  • You do not make any interpretation here since interpretation is done in the discussion part
  • Using graphical aids like tables, charts, and other illustrations can definitely aid readers in understanding the result
• Discussion


  • This is now the interpretation of the results
  • This requires you, as the researcher, your in-depth analysis, assessment, and explanation of the results obtained from the study
  • What do your results mean?
  • How do they relate to previous research?
  • What are the reasons for potential differences between your study and previous research?
  • What do potential similarities indicate?
  • How may your method have affected your results?
  • What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study? How do they affect your results?
  • What kind of research is needed in the field in the future, and why?
• Conclusion


  • This is an expression of the fulfillment of your aim and what you have found in your study
  • This provides you the opportunity to assess whether all parts of your academic writing are interrelated with one another
  • Conclusion is not a brief repetition of your results; it is expressing the implications of your study
• Definition


  Explains the meaning of new words or phrases
• Transitional Devices for Definition


  • is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists of, involves, is a term that, is called, is characterized by, occurs when, are those that, entails, corresponds to, is literally
• Classification


  Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics
• Transitional Devices for Classification


  • classified as, comprises, is composed of, several varieties of, different stages of, different groups that, includes, one, first, second, another, finally, last
• Chronological Order


  Describes the sequence in which events occur in time
• Process


  Describes the order in which things are done or how things work
• Transitional Devices for Process


  • first, second, next, then, following, after that, last, finally